Émile Doumergue (1844–1937) on General Grace in the John Calvin’s Theology

Here are the texts:⁵ ‘special grace (aliquid peculiare),’⁶ he [Calvin] also calls it ‘special revelation (specialis illuminatio)’ and again ‘spiritual grace (singularis gratia; in 1560 he translates it more precisely as “singular grace” grâce singulière); it is the spirit of regeneration, given only to the elect.¹

General grace confers the “virtues, which are by no means common to nature, but are special graces of the Lord, which he distributes even to the wicked (profane hominibus), according to the manner and measure that seems good to him;”² for “he gives indiscriminately to the good and the bad (impiis etiam et profanis commune).”³ One passage alone states everything: “If someone objects: What has the Spirit of God to do with the ungodly, who are altogether strangers to God? I reply that this argument is not sufficient. For when it is said that the Spirit dwells only in faithful people, this is understood to mean the Spirit of sanctification, by which we are consecrated to God to be his temples. Nevertheless, God does not cease to fill, move, and give life to all creatures through the virtue of this same Spirit.”⁴

It must therefore be properly understood: there is a diversity of purpose, but no diversity of cause. There is no dualism. The gifts of grace directed toward the elect alone, and the gifts of grace directed toward the wicked as well as the good, are all, and indeed in a sense are all, directly and personally given by God. General grace, which makes no distinction between the good and the wicked, does distinguish between individuals. “And yet it is so [in such a way] universal that everyone, in his own understanding, ought to recognize in it a special grace of God.” Does God not create “madmen and fools”? Thus “the light of God is so [in such a way] natural to all that it is a gratuitous benefit of his generosity toward each person.… [Nevertheless,] since these things are common to the good and the wicked, we may regard them as natural graces.”⁵

Doubtless this general grace has as its principal object “earthly things.” As for “earthly things … political doctrine, the art of governing one’s household well, the mechanical arts, philosophy, and all the disciplines called liberal arts … we must also acknowledge this: that man is by nature a sociable creature, and is therefore naturally inclined to cultivate and preserve society. Yet we see that there are certain general notions of honesty and civil order imprinted upon the understanding of all men.… It remains firmly established that there is in all men some seed of political order; and this is a great argument that “No one is deprived of the light of reason when it comes to governing the present life.”¹

It would nevertheless be a mistake to try to restrict the influence of general grace to “earthly things.” God’s grace acts upon the soul and heart of all men. The maladies that it “purges” (purget) in the elect, it merely “restrains” in the reprobate, as with a bridle (iniecto fraeno coercet), so that they do not run rampant, insofar as God judges it expedient for the preservation of the universal world (rerum universitatem).²

God therefore acts differently, but always by grace, and nothing and no one is exempt from the action of one or another of the forms of this same grace. Calvin thus restores unity where Roman Catholicism had introduced dualism, and does so more vigorously than any other Reformer in combating the two errors arising from this dualism: the moralistic error and the mystical error.3
_______________
5. Note also the following passages: “What little order there has been even among the pagans has come about through God’s admirable providence, who has wished to preserve some degree of decency for the human race.… Although none of the works of the pagans were considered pure before God, nevertheless God labored among them so that things would not become completely confused. When, therefore, we see this, let us learn, whenever God gives us certain signs of his providence by restraining men within some measure of order and decency, to recognize in this that he watches over the human race.… It is certain that today all decency would be erased from among men if there were not God’s admirable providence.” (Sermons on Deuteronomy, Opera XXVIII, p. 110.) “What else can we say, then, except that our Lord has placed a secret bridle upon men, as if to say: ‘I wish there to remain some degree of decency of nature, despite those who rule the world and would like to introduce such confusion that human beings would become like brute beasts, like dogs and horses, seeing that I am above them, so that my law may be so firmly impressed upon human hearts that, despite whatever malice and blindness there may be in them, they still retain some sense of decency in accordance with what I commanded them at the outset.” There, I say, is how God has governed in such a way that human beings, however unbelieving they may be, have always had some restraint, so as not to transgress completely what was forbidden them by this law.” (Ibid., p. 63.)
6. Institutes, 1543 (1545), p. 59.
1. II, 11, 20.
2. Bᶠ, p. 71. II, III, 4.
3. Institutes, 1543 (1545), p. 59. II, II, 20.
4. Bᶠ, p. 57. II, II, 16.
5. Bᶠ, p. 55, 56. II, II, 14.
1. BF, p. 54, 55. II, II, 13.
2. BF, p. 70. II, III, 3. It is because he ignored or misunderstood this role of general grace that R. Stähelin (Realencyklopädie, 3rd ed., art. Calvin, III, 1897, p. 672), for example, draws a complete contrast between Calvin and Zwingli in the following terms: “The idea of a general revelation, granted also to the pagans, to which Zwingli, with his humanism, attached such great importance, completely receded into the background (ganz hinter getreten) behind the positive revelation of the Bible, although Calvin, speaking of truths taught by the pagans, says: ‘Since all truth comes from God, if unbelievers have said anything sound and true, it must not be rejected, for it has proceeded from God’” (Commentary on the Epistle to Titus, 1:12). In reality, this is not an inadvertent admission on Calvin’s part, but a fundamental doctrine that he explicitly taught. And Kuyper can say that, just as Cain and Judas are products of humanity’s corruption, Plato and Cicero are products of God’s general grace (Gemeene gratie, II, p. 22).
3. In the sixteenth century, these two errors are found in Protestantism: the moralistic error among the Socinians, and the mystical error among the Anabaptists; their common mother, despite their enmity, is the Roman Catholic Church. Pelagian Socinianism accepts the Catholic distinction between natural religion and supernatural religion; it begins by accepting only the former and ends by accepting only the latter (see the article “Socin und der Socinianism” in the second edition of the Realencyklopädie). As for Anabaptism, Ritschl, drawing on Bullinger, demonstrated its Catholic lineage (Bullinger, Der Wiedertaufer Ursprung, Furgang, Seckten, Wesen, 1560; A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, 1880, I, pp. 24–25). However, since Socinianism and Anabaptism represent two tendencies of the human heart, they are perennial. Anabaptism is found not only among the Mennonites but also in Pietism, among the Moravians, in Independency, and, in our own day, in the religions commonly called religions of the Spirit. Socinianism, meanwhile, is found among the Dutch Remonstrants. Through Spinoza, the Dutch Jew, it exerted its influence on English Deism; through Descartes, who lived in Holland, it influenced Rationalism, and it reappears in Ritschlianism, which is a great denier of natural religion and a great propagator of dualism between religion and philosophy. J. Thikötter, La théologie de l’avenir, 1885, p. 10; Ernest Bertrand, Une nouvelle conception de la rédemption, 1891, pp. 40–41.

Emilé Doumergue, Jean Calvin: Les hommes et les choses de son temps, 7 vols. (Lausanne: George Bridel & Cie Editeurs, 1899–1927), 4:49–51; AI (ChatGPT) translation.

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John Calvin (1509–1564) on Galatians 2:20–21 and the Death of Christ for Each and Every Man in the World

Kathy Childress Translation:

It is now clear to us what Paul means when he declares that he lived by faith. The death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ should be at the centre of our lives, for it is this which has delivered us from the pit of death. However, we must not only meditate upon the Lord Jesus Christ dying in the weakness of his flesh, but upon the fact that he rose again through divine and heavenly power, as it says in another text (Rom. 1:4). But when we do speak about the death of our Lord Jesus Christ, it is important that we understand its significance: that is, that it was a sacrifice to reconcile God and man. It was payment for all our iniquities. It was obedience which atones for our wickedness. It was cleansing to wash away all our pollution and filth. Once we appreciate the efficacy of the death of the Son of God, and then look beyond it to the glory which awaits us, we cease to think that man will remain in his natural state, and we believe that he can live by faith in the gospel. For we know that a man will never be disappointed if he trusts in the promises contained in the gospel. Thus, this is what we are to learn from Paul in this text, where he speaks of the Son of God giving his life.

Notice, however, that he does not say that he gave his life for the world in general; this would be too vague. We each need to apply to ourselves individually the fruit of the death and passion of the Lord Jesus Christ. When we find it written that the Son of God was crucified, we must not simply imagine that it was for the redemption of the world. It is for each one of us as individuals, and in our own particular circumstances, to be joined to the Lord Jesus Christ and to reach the following conclusion: ‘He suffered for my sake.’ Just as when we are baptised, no-one else is baptised for us; it is not as if we can sprinkle everybody at once! Rather, each one is baptised separately in order to have a special application of water to himself, thereby revealing ourselves to be members of the Lord Jesus Christ. The same applies to the Lord’s Supper: each person takes a portion to show that the Lord Jesus Christ is communicated to each one of us individually. Paul, therefore, speaks of it in this way so that we cannot approach the subject and be left cold or untouched. There are many ignorant folk who believe they are Christians, yet who are little more than wretched beasts. However, if we know that the one act which accomplished the redemption of the world applies to each one of us, then we can all personally say, ‘The Son of God loved me so much, that he gave himself to die for me.’

Notice too that the word ‘loved’ is not superfluous either. Paul is seeking to magnify the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ. It is as if he were saying, ‘We are most miserable if we do not accept the wonderful gift which is being offered to us, since God’s only design in sending his Son was to relieve us from our miseries. Our Lord Jesus Christ emptied himself to such a degree that he did not spare his own life for our salvation. And why did he do this? Because of his love for us.’ Since this is so, we must be very foolish indeed not to accept such a gift. God loved the world so much that he did not spare his only Son but delivered him up to death for us: this doctrine appears frequently in Holy Scripture (John 3:16). As Paul says in the fifth chapter to the Romans, verse eight, even when we were his mortal enemies, the Lord Jesus Christ commended his wonderful love by giving himself as a sacrifice to appease God’s wrath against us, and to blot out our sins so that they would no longer be taken into account. This is a guarantee of our salvation through which we enjoy great assurance. However, Paul is also reproving men for their evil ways, when they refuse to accept the gift which God has so bountifully bestowed upon us out of his free grace. For we must remember what John says in his Epistle, that we did not first love God (1 John 4:19). We cannot, therefore, hold him to ransom, like those who say, ‘I have done such and such service for him’. Alas, what can we possibly do for him? He loved us even when we were his mortal enemies and, indeed, he came and sought us even while we were in the depths of the abyss.

Thereupon, Paul adds, ‘I do not frustrate (or reject) the grace of God’. This is the practical outcome of all that we have been saying, for Paul is implying that those who ignore God’s mercy displayed in the Lord Jesus Christ, and offered to us daily through the gospel, must surely be possessed by the devil. Each time the death and passion of the Lord Jesus Christ is preached to us, alongside the infinite goodness of God, an invitation is being issued; the Lord Jesus Christ is calling us to himself. He calls us to leave this world behind, despairing of all else, but trusting in him. Since this is the case, we must not ‘frustrate’ the grace of God. Paul is exhorting those who previously have lived lives of debauchery, and he directs them in the way they should go. In effect, he is saying, ‘Ignorant people, who have never heard a word of the gospel, may have an excuse, but not us; we will be doubly worthy of damnation if we refuse the grace of God. It bespeaks an ingratitude which is inexcusable.’ Paul is, therefore, drawing a contrast between those whom our Lord Jesus Christ calls to a hope of salvation through his gospel and those who prefer to wallow in their sins. Such people do not know whether there is a better life to come or not, and are, therefore, as senseless as brute beasts. Then there are some who torment their consciences over various principles to which they adhere, yet who never find relief or remedy. Nevertheless, those who have not heard about the Lord Jesus Christ will still perish without mercy – they cannot hide behind their ignorance. I am referring to all the pagan and idolatrous peoples who have ever lived – all will be silenced before him. What then will become of those who have stopped their ears to the message which God has sent them day by day? He demands that we come to him, indeed, he exhorts us and pleads with us to do so, as we saw in the second letter to the Corinthians (2 Cor. 5:20). Is it not a display of great humility for God to stoop down and plead with us through the person of his only Son? ‘Be ye reconciled’, he says. Yet what has he done and whom has he offended? Indeed, it is we who offend him every day, yet he draws near to us, expressing his desire to be reconciled with us! We are full of evil, like demons; we are lost and damned, yet he comes seeking us out and asks nothing more than to be reconciled! Paul asks, what will become of us if we reject the grace which God so bountifully offers?

John Calvin, “Sermon 14. Redemption by the Son of God (Gal. 2:20–21),” in Sermons on Galatians, trans. Kathy Childress (Banner of Truth, 1997), 212–15.

Arthur Golding Translation:

Then see we now why Saint Paul telleth us that he lived by faith. For it behooveth us to be settled upon the death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, assuring ourselves that it is able enough to draw us out of the dungeons of death. And furthermore it behooveth us to look upon our Lord Jesus Christ, not only as dead in the infirmity of his flesh, but also as risen again through his divine and heavenly power, as is said of him in another Text. (Romans 1:4) And therefore when there is any speaking of the death of our Lord Jesus Christ, it standeth us on hand to consider what the same importeth: that is to wit, that it is a sacrifice to make an atonement of Reconciliation between God and man, an obedience to cover all the naughtiness that is in us, and a washing to scour away all our uncleanness and filthiness. Forasmuch then as we know that there is such power in the death and passion of the son of God, and that thereupon we march further, that is to wit, to the glory whereunto it leadeth us: let us not anymore imagine, that man ought hereafter to continue still in his own nature, but that he ought to live in the faith of the Gospel, assuring himself that he shall not be disappointed in resting upon the promises that are contained there. Thus ye see in effect, whereunto we should refer this saying, where Saint Paul telleth us expressly, that the Son of God gave himself.

And he contenteth not himself to say, that Christ gave himself for the world in common, for that had been but a slender saying: but [showeth that] every of us must apply to himself particularly, the virtue of the death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ. Whereas it is said that the Son of God was crucified, we must not only think that the same was done for the Redemption of the world: but also every of us must on his own behalf join himself to our Lord Jesus Christ, and conclude, It is for me that he hath suffered. Likewise when we be baptized, as it is not for any one man alone, so is not the water sprinkled upon all men in common: but every man is baptized severally in his own behalf, to the end that every of us may apply it particularly to himself, to say that we be all members of our Lord Jesus Christ. Also when we receive the holy Supper, every man taketh his own portion, to show us that our Lord Jesus Christ is communicated unto us, yea even to every one of us. Saint Paul therefore doth purposely use that manner of speech, to the end we should not have any cold imagination, after the manner of diverse ignorant persons, which take themselves to be Christians, and yet in the meanwhile are as wretched beasts. But when we once know that the thing which was done for the redemption of the whole world, pertaineth to every of us severally: it behooveth every of us to say also on his own behalf, The son of God hath loved me so dearly, that he has given himself to death for me.

Furthermore, the word Love is not superfluous here: for Saint Paul’s intent is to magnify the gracious goodness of our Lord Jesus Christ: as if he should say, that we be very wretches if we accept not such a benefit when it is offered us, seeing that God in sending us his son, had none other respect but to our miseries which he intended to relieve. Also our Lord Jesus Christ did so neglect himself, that he spared not his life for our welfare. And what was the cause of it? The love that he bear us. Seeing it is so: must we not needs be worse than out of our wits, if we accept not such a benefit? But it is a very common doctrine in the holy Scripture, that God so loved the world, that he spared not his only son, but gave him to death for us: (John 3:16) and also that our Lord Jesus Christ, at such time as we were his deadly enemies as saith Saint Paul, did confirm a marvelous love towards us, in that he offered himself in sacrifice to make atonement between God and us, and to do away all our sins, (Romans 5:8) so as they might no more come to account. Lo here a warrant of our salvation, so as we ought to think ourselves thoroughly assured of it. Howbeit Saint Paul meant purposely here, to rebuke men’s unthankfulness, in that they accept not the benefit which God granteth them so bountifully, yea and of his own free goodness. For it behooveth us to call to mind, how Saint John in his Canonical Epistle saith, that we loved not God first: (as if he should say, we did not prevent him, as those think they do which say, I have done him such service and such. For alas what is it that we can do to him?) but that he loved us, (1 John 4:19) [yea even] at such time as we were his deadly enemies, and came even then to seek us out in the very deepest of the bottomless Dungeons.

And thereupon Saint Paul addeth, that he doth not despise or shake off the grace of God. This is the knitting up of the things that we have hitherto seen. For here he meant to show, that the Devil must needs possess those that make none account of God’s mercy, that is uttered in our Lord Jesus Christ, and daily offered us in his Gospel. For look how oft the death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ is preached unto us, and the infinite goodness of our God talked of: so oft is this message renewed unto us, that our Lord Jesus Christ calleth us unto him, to the end we should forsake the world and being out of all hope in ourselves, fasten and settle our whole trust in him. Sith [since] it is so: it is good reason that we should not reject the grace of God. And Saint Paul in saying so, meant to call back such as had gone astray before, and to show them the way, as if he had said, whereas the poor ignorant souls that never heard word of the Gospel might be excused: we must needs be worse than damnable, seeing we refuse the grace of God when it is offered us: for it smelleth of such an unthankfulness, as can by no means be excused. Saint Paul therefore doth here make mention of those whom our Lord Jesus Christ calleth to the hope of salvation by his Gospel, and yet do still welter in their own wretchedness, and become brutish, not knowing whither there be a better life or no: or else of such as are sufficiently tormented with inward heartbiting, and yet seek no remedy nor comfort. Yet notwithstanding, all they to whom our Lord Jesus Christ hath not preached his Gospel, shall not fail to perish without mercy. They cannot defend themselves by ignorance: I say that all the heathen folk and Idolaters that ever were, must have their mouths stopped. And what shall become of us then, which have had our ears beaten daily with the message that God sendeth us: which is that he requireth nothing but that we should be drawn unto him, whereunto he encourageth, yea and beseecheth us, as we have seen in 2 Corinthians 5:20? Is it not a great shame for us, that God should so far abase himself in the person of his only son, that he should beseech us? Let us fall to atonement, saith he. And what hath he done on his side? What hath he offended us? Nay contrariwise, we cease not to provoke him daily against us, and yet he cometh to say unto us I will fall to atonement with you, whereas notwithstanding there is nothing but spitefulness in us, we be like little fiends, and to be short, we be damned and forlorn, and yet cometh he to seek unto us, and desireth nothing but to have the atonement made. After that manner speaketh Saint Paul word for word. But now what will become of us, if we reject such grace, seeing that God offereth it us so freely?

John Calvin, SERMONS of M. Iohn Caluine vpon the Epistle of Saincte Paule to the Galathians (London: Lucas Harison and George Bishop, 1574), 106r–107v.

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Émile Doumergue (1844–1937) on Jean Calvin in 7 Volumes

Emilé Doumergue, Jean Calvin: Les hommes et les choses de son temps,  7 vols. (Lausanne: George Bridel & Cie Editeurs, 1899–1927).

Tome I (1899): IA: 1, 2, 3. Google: 1.

Tome II (1902): IA: 1, 2.

Tome III (1905): IA: 1, 2.

Tome IV (1910): IA: 1. Google: 1.

Tome V (1917): IA: 1. Google: 1.

Tome VI (1926): IA: 1. Google: 1.

Tome VII (1927): IA: 1.

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AI (ChatGPT) TRANSLATED TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR EACH VOLUME (WITH LINKS)

Tome I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Youth

BOOK ONE

The Family

CHAPTER I. The Origins

I. The Picardy family. — II. Pont-l’Évêque and Grandfather Calvin. — III. The statue of Noyon. — IV. Calvin’s house. — V. Noyon in the sixteenth century. — VI. Gérard Calvin and Jeanne Le Franc. — VII. The Calvin family. — VIII. The Church of Notre-Dame Cathedral. Page 3.

CHAPTER II. Childhood.

I. Birth and baptism. — II. Calvin’s horoscope and astrology in the sixteenth century. — III. Warning against Astrology. — IV. The College of the Capettes and the Montmor family. — V. The benefits of the Chapel of the College, cures of Martinville and Pont-l’Évêque. — VI. The Abbey of Ourscamp and the Treatise on Relics. — VII. Departure for Paris. Page 28.

BOOK TWO

Years of Study

CHAPTER I. Paris. Calvin’s Intellectual and Moral Development. 

I. The University of Paris. — II. The student in the sixteenth century. — III. Calvin at the Collège de la Marche and Mathurin Cordier. — IV. The influence of M. Cordier. — V. The French language and the Reformation of M. Cordier. — VI. The recognition of Calvin at the age of twelve. — VII. Calvin in Montaigu. — VIII. The College of Montaigu. — IX. Did Calvin receive the nickname “the accusatory”? — X. Did he lack sociability? Page 49. 

CHAPTER II. Protestantism in Its Beginnings. 

I. The Protestant humanist. — II. The commentary of 1512, or the first Protestant book. — III. The first disciple of Lefèvre: Farel. — IV. The progress of Protestantism. — V. Querci and Beda. — VI. Lefèvre and the Protestant Bible. — VII. Beda and Catholic opposition to the Bible. — VIII. The bishop’s timidity and the heroism of the martyrs. Page 78.

CHAPTER III. Calvin’s Religious Development. 

I. The influence of his environment. — II. A change of career. — III. Calvin and Olivétan. — IV. The mysterious life of Olivétan. — V. The Bible of 1535: Modestie, humor, and science in the “little translator.” — VI. Calvin’s judgment. — VII. Calvin and Loyola. Page 112.

CHAPTER IV. Orléans. 

I. The University of Orléans. — II. Calvin as a student. — III. Calvin and his friends. — IV. A friendship of thirty years. Page 127.

CHAPTER V. Bourges. 

I. The University. — II. Alciati, the reformer of law and Calvin’s professor. — III. The great Protestant school. Page 141.

CHAPTER VI. The Origins of the Calvinist Legend. 

I. Calvin and Baudouin. — II. The break. — III. The colonies. Page 150.

CHAPTER VII. Protestant Bourges in the Sixteenth Century. Page 162.

CHAPTER VIII. Calvin’s New Religious Development. 

I. The Protestants of Orléans and Bourges. — II. Melchior Wolmar. — III. Théodore de Bèze. — IV. Bèze and his testimony. Page 175.

CHAPTER IX. Calvin the Humanist. 

I. The death of Gérard Cauvin. — II. Calvin’s return to Paris. — III. Feminine sensibility. — IV. Calvin, one of the first students at the Collège de France. — V. The religious sentiments of the Royal Lecturers. Page 193.

CHAPTER X. Commentary on Seneca’s Treatise on Clemency. 

I. The appearance of the Commentary. — II. Humanism. — III. Liberalism. — IV. Anti-Stoicism and the law of tears. — V. Biblicalism and Augustinianism. Page 210.

CHAPTER XI. Protestant Paris in the Sixteenth Century (1509–1572).

I. The Faubourg Saint-Germain. 1. Saint-Germain-des-Prés. 2. Rue des Marais-Saint-Germain and Petit Pont and the left bank. 3. Grand-Pré aux Clercs. 4. House of Clément Marot. 

II. The University. 1. The colleges: Montaigu, Fortet, etc. 2. The College of Navarre: Clichotte and Le Picart. 3. The printers: Du Bois, the Estiennes, Colines, Cyaneus, etc. 4. The main street of Saint-Jacques: the libraries, the church of the Mathurins. 5. House of Ambroise Paré. The Hôtel du Prat, belonging to the Duke of Nemours. 6. The Grands Augustins. 7. Place Maubert. 8. The College of Cardinal Le Moine. 

III. The Faubourg Saint-Victor and the Faubourg Saint-Marcel. 1. The Abbey of Saint-Victor and President Lizet. 2. The steps at the Patriarch’s, at Jerusalem. 

IV. The City. 1. Hôtel-Dieu. 2. Sainte-Croix and François Landry. 3. Notre-Dame and Le Parvis. 4. Le Palais: the Conciergerie, the Chambers, the square tower. 

V. The Ville. 1. The Grand Châtelet. 2. La Bastille; the sermon of Popincourt. 3. Rue Saint-Antoine: martyr, tournament. 4. Hôtel de Charlotte d’Arbaleste. Sermons of Caroli. Tomb of Rabelais. Hôtel de Budé. The Virgin of Rue des Rosiers. Hotels of Jeanne d’Albret, Diane de Poitiers, and Pierre de la Place. 5. Hôtel de ville and Place de Grève: Berquin and Anne du Bourg. 6. Hôtel de Guise, belonging to the Constable. House of Estienne de la Forge. Hôtel La Trémoille. 7. Rue Béthisy: Coligny. Rue Grenelle-Saint-Germain. Jeanne d’Albret. Louvre. Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois. The Tuileries. 8. Protestant Paris. Page 223.

CHAPTER XII. Second Stay in Orléans. 

I. Letter to Bucer. — II. Calvin, procurator of the Picard nation. — III. The golden mesh. — IV. The legend of the flight. — V. Orléans in the sixteenth century. Page 297.

BOOK THREE

Conversion

SINGLE CHAPTER. Conversion.

I. Preliminary matters. — II. The discourse of Cop. — III. Discoveries of M. Lang. — IV. The framing of the question. — V. Testimony of Beza. A stay in Paris. Estienne de la Forge. — VI. M. Lang’s system. — VII. Calvin’s first testimony: Preface to the Commentary on the Psalms. — VIII. Calvin’s second testimony: Second Defense against the Slanders of J. Westphal. — IX. Calvin’s third testimony: Letter to Cardinal Sadolet. — X. Objections. — XI. The consequences of the discourse of Cop. Page 327.

BOOK FOUR

Travels Throughout France

CHAPTER I. Angoulême. 

I. The Château of Hazeville. — II. Protestant Angoulême in the sixteenth century. — III. Calvin at the Château of Tillet. — IV. Calvin at Rabelais’s house. Page 367.

CHAPTER II. Nérac. 

I. Nérac in the sixteenth century. — II. Marguerite of Angoulême. — III. Lefèvre d’Étaples. — IV. Marguerite of Angoulême and Calvin. — V. Marguerite of Angoulême’s Protestantism. — VI. Nérac and Gérard Roussel. — VII. An unpublished document concerning Gérard Roussel. — VIII. The end of Lefèvre’s school. Page 380. 

CHAPTER III. The Legend of the Red Iron. 

I. Calvin resigns his benefices. — II. Calvin’s imprisonment. — III. The origin of the legend of the red-hot iron: Bolsec. — IV. History of the legend: the Jesuits, Richelieu, Galiffe. — V. The refutation of the legend: Rivet. — VI. Catholic protests: P. Masson, Kampschulte, Dr. N. Paulus. — VII. Facsimile reproductions of the two principal texts. — VIII. What made the slander possible. Page 424.

CHAPTER IV. The Departure from France. 

I. Calvin in Paris: Servetus. — II. Protestant Poitiers in the sixteenth century. — III. Calvin’s stay: the Garden of Basses-Treilles. — IV. Calvin’s grotto. — V. The first disciples. — VI. A second stay in Orléans: the spirit of the Provost. — VII. Psychopannychia and the departure from France. Page 441.

BOOK FIVE

Basel and the Preface to the Institutes of the Christian Religion

CHAPTER I. Basel. 

I. The Cathedral. The Bishopric. The Council chamber and the cloister. — II. Erasmus’s room. His New Testament. His knife and fork. — III. Boniface Amerbach. — IV. The house of Oecolampadius on the Eisenburg. — V. Farel and the scene at the town hall. — VI. St. Martin’s Church and the University. — VII. The Reformation: the Mücke and the Church of the Franciscans. — VIII. The house where Oecolampadius died and the house of Myconius. — IX. Calvin’s stay with Catherine Klein. — X. The printer and the printing of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. — XI. Old Basel. — XII. The Campo-Santo of the Reformation. Page 471.

CHAPTER II. The Preface to the Institutes of the Christian Religion. 

I. Date of departure from France. — II. The placards of 1534. — III. The preface to Olivétan’s Bible. — IV. Calvin’s literary style. — V. François I’s slanders. — VI. The preface to the Institutes of the Christian Religion. — VII. The providential character of Calvin’s preparation. Page 500.

APPENDICES

I. Some Historians of Calvin

I. Théodore de Bèze. 1. Life of Calvin. 2. Ecclesiastical History. 

II. Florimond de Raemond. 1. Florimond de Raemond and Protestantism. 2. The Birth of Heresy and Its Credibility. 3. Bayle’s judgment. 4. The judgment of the editors of the Opera. 5. Florimond de Raemond’s accounts of Calvin’s stay in Poitiers. 6. Florimond de Raemond and the testimony of Pierre Cayet. 

III. Papire Masson. Authenticity of the Eulogy of Calvin. 

IV. Jacques Desmay. 1. His Remarks. 2. The plaque at the British Museum. 

V. Le Vasseur. Judgments of Audin, de Delincourt, de Vitet, and M. Lefranc. 

VI. Kampschulte. 1. Audin. 2. Kampschulte and the Protestant critics. 3. Kampschulte and Galiffe’s influence. 4. Kampschulte’s judgment of M. Herminjard. 

VII. Tischer.

II. The Hangest Family. Page 536.

III. Where Was Mathurin Cordier Born? Page 537.

IV. At What Age Did Lefèvre Die? Page 539. 

1. Testimony of contemporaries. 2. An objection. 3. Marguerite of Angoulême’s account. 4. Two pieces of evidence from M. Gaberel.

V. Lefèvre, French Reformer. Page 542. 

1. Lefèvre after the 1512 Commentary. 2. Luther and Lefèvre. 3. Lefèvre after Luther. 4. The origins of Lefèvre’s school. 5. The stages of Farel’s conversion. 6. Three texts. 7. The final conclusions of historical criticism.

VI. Jean Michel and Jean Chaponneau. Page 552. 

1. Jean Michel. 2. The contradiction in the Ecclesiastical History. 3. Chaponneau.

VII. The Letter from Noyon. Page 556.

VIII. Calvin’s Pseudonyms. Page 558. 

1. Calvinus. 2. Alcuinus. 3. Lucanius. 4. Passelius. 5. Despeville. 6. D’Apremont. 7. J. de Bonneville. 8. Deparçan. 9. Chambardus. 10. The cachets (seals). 11. Addresses under the name Cauvin, etc. 12. Addresses under the name Passelius, etc. 13. Addresses under the name Despeville. 14. Address under the name Calphurne.

IX. Calvin at Clairac. Page 574.

X. The Discourse of Cop and Calvin’s Conversion. Page 575. 

1. Authenticity of the Discourse of Cop. 2. Henry and Stähelin. 3. M. Herminjard. 4. Kampschulte. 5. The Opera. 6. M. Dardier. 7. M. Lefranc. 8. M. Baguenault de Puchesse. 9. Lecoultre.

XI. Calvin’s Stay in Poitiers. Page 580. 

1. The Garden of Basses-Treilles. 2. Jean Boisseau. 3. Charles de Sainte-Marthe. 4. Antoine de la Duguie.

XII. The Psychopannychia. Page 584.

XIII. Marot’s Abjuration in 1536. Page 586.

XIV. The Institutes of the Christian Religion. Page 589. 

1. Was the Institutes of the Christian Religion originally composed in Latin or French? 2. On what precise date was the first edition of the Institutes published? 3. Where was this first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion composed?

XV. Calvin’s Printers. Page 596.

I. Robert Estienne and His Family. 1. Henri I Estienne and Simon de Colines. 2. Robert Estienne, printer in Paris. 3. Robert Estienne, printer of the Bible. 4. Le Sommaire. 5. Robert Estienne and the Reformers. His death. 6. Henri II Estienne. 7. François Estienne.

II. Hamelin.

III. The Printing House of Platter, Lasius, Winter, and Oporin.

IV. Pierre Philippe, Cyaneus, L. Cloquemin, and J. Durant.

Corrections and Additions

Index of Illustrations

INDEX OF PERSONS, PLACES, AND PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

Tome II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The First Attempts

BOOK ONE 

In Italy

CHAPTER I. Ferrara.

I. The teachings of Théodore de Bèze. — II. Length of stay. 1. Date of departure. 2. Date of return. — III. Through the Alps. — IV. Ferrara in the sixteenth century: 1. Ferrara. 2. Entry of Renée. 3. The palaces. 4. La Piazza. 5. The Palace of Justice. 6. Calvin’s chamber. — V. Epistle to Duchemin. — VI. Epistle to G. Roussel. Page 3. 

CHAPTER II. Renée of France and Her Court.

I. Renée of France. — II. The miniatures in her book of hours. — III. Hercules d’Este. — IV. The court of Renée. — V. French sentiments. — VI. Evangelical sentiments. — VII. The manifestation of Joan. — VIII. The interrogation. — IX. Evasion. — X. Calvin and Renée. — XI. The almoner. — XII. Francisca. — XIII. A mournful end. Page 35. 

CHAPTER III. Calvin, Renée’s Spiritual Adviser.

I. Renée’s return to Ferrara, up to her return to France. — II. Montargis. — III. The religious wars. — IV. Ecclesiastical discipline. — V. The assassination of the Duke of Guise. Page 67.

CHAPTER IV. Calvin and the Aosta Valley. 

I. The facts. — II. The legend. — III. Tradition. — IV. The Aosta Cross. Page 85.

BOOK TWO 

Calvin in Geneva: First Stay

CHAPTER I. Preparation for and Beginnings of the Reformation in Geneva up to Calvin’s Arrival. Page 98.

 

PART ONE. Up to the First Public Preaching of the Gospel. 

I. The political organization of Geneva. — II. The bishops. — III. The patriots: Philibert Berthelier and Bezanson Hugues. — IV. Supper of Berthelier. — V. The Bernese burghers. — VI. Deliberation of Geneva. — VII. Evangelical beginnings. — VIII. Arrival of Farel. — IX. Froment at Molard. — X. Tumult of May 28 and decision of March 30, 1533. — XI. The affair of the canon Wernly. — XII. Guy Furbity. — XIII. First evangelical baptisms, marriages, and burials. — XIV. “The French Gospel.”

PART TWO. Up to Calvin’s Arrival. 

I. Marriage of priests. — II. Clerical opposition to patriotism. — III. The poisoning of Viret. — IV. The dispute at Rive. — V. Destruction of images. — VI. Abolition of the Mass. — VII. Collapse of the Catholic Church. — VIII. The Geneva decree. — IX. The sufferings of 1535. — X. Bernese politics. — XI. Deliberation. — XII. The perpetual treaty. — XIII. Triumph of the Reformation. — XIV. The difficulty of the situation.

CHAPTER II. Farel, the Evangelist of French-Speaking Switzerland.

I. Evangelization in France. — II. The dispute at Basel. — III. Montbéliard: 1. Le Sommaire. 2. The indulgence seller. — IV. The schoolmaster Ursinus and the begging friar. — V. Berne and French-speaking Switzerland. — VI. The struggle. — VII. Neuchâtel. — VIII. Gentleness, modesty, sensitivity, and generosity. — IX. The orator. Page 150.

CHAPTER III. The Beginnings of Calvin and Viret. Page 173.

PART ONE. Calvin’s Arrival in Geneva. 

I. Stay in France. — II. Lyon. — III. Farel’s adjuration. — IV. Calvin’s installation in Geneva.

PART TWO. Viret. 

I. Orbe. — II. Viret. — III. Lausanne in the sixteenth century. 1. Rue de Bourg. 2. From the top of the tower. 3. The Cathedral. 4. The Bishopric. 5. Saint-Maire Castle. 6. The Château de Menthon and the Académie. 7. The Hospital. 8. Viret’s house. 9. La Madeleine. 10. The Town Hall. 11. Saint-François.

PART THREE. The Dispute. 

I. The Lausanne Disputation. — II. Calvin in Berne.

CHAPTER IV. The Articles, the Catechism, and the Confession of Faith. Page 219.

PART ONE. The Articles of 1537. 

I. The text presented to the Council. — II. What is not Calvinist in the Articles. — III. What is Calvinist.

PART TWO. The Catechism. 

I. The Catechism and the Reformation. — II. The French Catechism of 1537. — III. Analysis and character of the Catechism.

PART THREE. The Confession of Faith. 

I. The principle of the confession. — II. Religious individualism. — III. The principle of regeneration. — IV. Early doctrinal troubles: Claude d’Albioud and the Anabaptists. — V. The Libertine party’s opposition to Calvin before his arrival. — VI. Signing the Confession of Faith. — VII. The General Council of November 25, 1537, and the governmental crisis.

CHAPTER V. Caroli. 

I. From Paris to Lausanne. 1. In France. 2. In Geneva. 3. In Basel. 4. In Neuchâtel and Lausanne. — II. The Lausanne Colloquy. — III. The Berne Colloquy. — IV. The Lausanne Synod. — V. The Synod of Berne. — VI. New conversions. 1. Second. 2. Third. 3. Fourth. — VII. Caroli and Servetus. Page 252.

CHAPTER VI. Exile. 

I. Freedom of discipline. — II. Freedom of the pulpit. — III. Berne and Calvin’s character. — IV. Uniformity of ceremonies. — V. The Lausanne Synod. — VI. The catastrophe. — VII. Calvin and Farel in Berne. — VIII. The Synod of Zurich. — IX. Kuntz and the final decision. — X. Criticisms of Calvin. Page 269.

BOOK THREE

In Strasbourg

CHAPTER I. Strasbourg. Page 293.

PART ONE. Strasbourg and the French Church. 

I. Arrival in Basel. — II. The plague. — III. Appeals and constraints.

PART TWO. Strasbourg in the Middle Ages. 

I. Tauler’s tombstone. — II. The Dominican church, or the Temple-Neuf. — III. The Franciscan convent and Thomas Murner. — IV. Rue des Orfèvres; Kammerzell House. — V. The Cathedral. — VI. Geiler of Kaysersberg’s pulpit. VII. The Tailors’ Stove. Rue des Frères. The milk-pig market. The Hôtel du Corbeau. Saint-Thomas Quay. The plant baths. Sixteenth-century costumes. — VIII. Brant and Wimpheling. The Reformers in spite of themselves.

PART THREE. Strasbourg at the Reformation. 

I. Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune. — II. The Chapel of Saint-Jean. — III. The Church and Chapter of Saint-Thomas. — IV. Matthieu Zell and Catherine Schutz. — V. Capito. — VI. Bucer. — VII. Hédion. — VIII. Jacques Sturm. — IX. Jean Sturm. — X. A Calvinist walk.

PART FOUR. The French Church of Strasbourg. 

I. Its foundation. — II. Pierre Brully. — III. Valérand Poullain. — IV. Jean Garnier and Jean Marbach. — V. Jean Locquet and Pierre Bouquin. — VI. Pierre Alexandre. — VII. Holbrac. — VIII. Destruction of the French Church. — IX. Dispersion of the congregation. — X. Restoration of Reformed worship.

CHAPTER II. Pastor and Professor. Page 376.

PART ONE. The Friends of Strasbourg. 

I. Jacques Sturm. — II. Jean Sturm. — III. Sleidan. — IV. Peter Martyr and Zanchi. — V. Hotman.

PART TWO. Incidents. 

I. Death of Coraud. — II. Rupture with du Tillet. — III. Relations with Caroli. — IV. Calvin’s shortcomings.

PART THREE. The Pastoral Ministry. 

I. Conception of the pastoral ministry. — II. Preaching and evangelization. — III. Discipline and examination. — IV. Severity and moderation. — V. Ecclesiastical breadth. — VI. Spiritual care. — VII. Defense of the evangelical ministry against Sadolet.

PART FOUR. Teaching and Studies. 

I. The school. — II. Saint-Guillaume College. — III. Sturm’s ideal. — IV. Calvin’s professorship. — V. Commentaries on Romans. — VI. Treatise on the Lord’s Supper. — VII. Count of Fürstenberg and his memoirs.

CHAPTER III. Family Life. Page 441.

PART ONE. Calvin and Marriage. 

I. The sanctity of marriage. — II. Affection. — III. A great exegetical and moral service rendered to Protestantism. — IV. The remarriages of pastors. — V. Calvin’s engagement. — VI. Calvin and Viret’s engagement. — VII. Conclusion.

PART TWO. Calvin’s Marriage. 

I. Poverty and dignity. — II. Ineptiae liceat (“Let foolishness be permitted”). — III. The pensioners and the little seminary. — IV. Date and celebration of the marriage. — V. Idlette’s family and beauty. — VI. Honeymoon.

PART THREE. Idlette and Calvin. 

I. The plague, mourning, and consolations. — II. Idlette in Geneva. — III. Idlette’s two children. — IV. A birth and a death. — V. How many children did Calvin have? — VI. Idlette’s illnesses. — VII. Calvin at his wife’s deathbed. — VIII. Sensitivity and strength of spirit. — IX. Conclusion.

CHAPTER IV. The Liturgy. Page 479.

PART ONE. Calvinist Art. 

I. The incompatibility of Calvinism and art. — II. The origin of the arts, according to Calvin. — III. The arts as gifts from God. — IV. The art of eloquence. — V. The art of painting. — VI. The art of music.

PART TWO. The Calvinist Liturgy. 

I. German worship and French worship in Strasbourg. — II. Origins of the liturgy: 1. Schwartz. 2. Confession of sins. 3. Absolution. 4. Closing prayer. 5. Marriage liturgy. — III. The Genevan liturgy. — IV. The principle of accommodation. — V. Accommodation to the Lutherans. — VI. Accommodations to the Genevans. — VII. True Calvinist worship.

PART THREE. Calvin and the Psalter. 

I. Sacred music before Calvin. — II. Calvin and the Psalms. — III. The words of the Psalms: 1. Marot. 2. Calvin. — IV. The music of the Psalms: 1. France. 2. Bourges. 3. Goudimel. 4. Davantès. — V. Calvin, four-part singing, and organs. — VI. Music and the Calvinist Reformation.

BOOK FOUR

In Germany

CHAPTER I. The Conference of Frankfurt. 

I. The conference. — II. Frankfurt in the sixteenth century. 1. The old town. 2. The fair. 3. The book trade. 4. The Römer. — III. Calvin in Frankfurt. — IV. Calvin and Melanchthon. — V. Later relations at the Colloquies. — VI. After Frankfurt: Calvin’s defense of Melanchthon, Bucer, and the Germans. Page 527.

CHAPTER II. Calvin and Melanchthon. 

I. Theological disagreement. — II. Calvin’s frankness and encouragement. — III. Recommendation of the Loci. — IV. The Interim: severe yet affectionate reproaches. — V. Aspiration toward complete agreement. — VI. Attempts to persuade Melanchthon to declare himself openly. — VII. Patience, efforts, disappointments, and hope nonetheless. — VIII. Calvin’s final letter. — IX. The Calvinist legend. Page 545.

CHAPTER III. Calvin and Luther. 

I. Luther and Zwingli; the ultra-Lutherans and the people of Zurich. — II. Calvin and Zwingli. — III. Luther and Calvin before Strasbourg. — IV. Luther and Calvin after Strasbourg. 1. Luther’s attitude. 2. Calvin’s attitude. — V. Calvin and the Augsburg Confession. — VI. Calvin’s three excuses in defense of Luther. — VII. Calvin, Protestant unity, and the fate of Europe. Page 562.

CHAPTER IV. The Three Colloquies. Page 588.

PART ONE. The Colloquies. 

I. Calvin and freedom of discussion. — II. The Curia and the use of force. — III. Calvin’s response to Paul III’s Council. — IV. Religious concerns. — V. The Franco-German alliance and the fate of the modern world.

PART TWO. The Colloquy of Hagenau. 

I. Hagenau in the sixteenth century. — II. The meetings of the Colloquy.

PART THREE. The Colloquy of Worms. 

I. Worms in the sixteenth century and the Protestant era. — II. Preliminary matters and postponements. — III. Some incidents. — IV. Catholic obstruction. — V. The Colloquy. — VI. The ultramontane legend.

PART FOUR. The Colloquy of Regensburg. 

I. Regensburg in the sixteenth century. — II. Preliminary matters. — III. Contarini. — IV. The Catholics. — V. The participants in the colloquy. — VI. Failure of the discussions. — VII. Calvin’s departure and the end of the Colloquy.

CHAPTER V. Calvin and the Later Fate of the German Reformation. 

I. Supplex exhortatio (Humble Exhortation). 1. Unity of the Calvinist system. 2. Christian spiritualism. 3. The dog that barks. — II. Interim adultero-germanum. 1. The Interim. 2. Justification by faith. 3. The exhortation to martyrdom. Page 641.

BOOK FIVE

Calvin’s Return to Geneva

CHAPTER I. The Revolution in Geneva and the Guillermins. 

I. The letter to Bullinger. — II. The Guillermins. — III. The letter of October 1. — IV. The dissipation of the Church. — V. Communion with illegitimate pastors. — VI. The crisis. — VII. The reconciliation of March 12. — VIII. The letter of June 25. Page 653.

CHAPTER II. The Articulants and the Counter-Revolution. Page 676.

PART ONE. The Threatened Faith. 

I. Catholic reaction. — II. Cardinal Sadolet’s letter. — III. Calvin’s response.

PART TWO. Threatened Independence. 

I. Reports from Berne and Geneva. — II. The Articles of 1539. — III. Condemnation of the Articulants. — IV. Intimidation and supplication of Jean-Philippe. — V. The “notable” judgment of God. — VI. Anarchy and its conclusion.

CHAPTER III. Calvin’s Recall. General Conclusion. 

I. The final dispersion of the Church and the first steps taken to bring Calvin back. — II. Calvin’s response. — III. The official appeal. — IV. Calvin’s tears and Farel’s thunderbolts. — V. Abolition of the sentence of exile. — VI. Geneva, metropolis of the universal Church. — VII. General conclusion. Page 694.

APPENDICES

I. Some Historians of Calvin. Page 717.

1. F.-W. Kampschulte and C.-A. Cornelius. 2. M. Bartolommeo Fontana and Cardinalo’s Relation. 3. A. Pierson. 4. Jean-Antoine Gautier. 

II. Calvin’s First Letter to the Duchess of Ferrara. Page 729.

III. Baudichon of the Maison Neuve. Page 732.

IV. An Episode in Farel’s Life. Page 735.

V. The Portrait of Idlette de Bure. Page 740.

VI. Calvin the Poet. Page 742.

VII. Calvin and the Liturgical Use of the Apostles’ Creed. Page 744.

VIII. The Battle Psalm. Page 747.

IX. Goudimel. Page 753.

X. The Memoirs of Count of Fürstenberg. Page 757.

XI. Luther’s Final Words Concerning the Reformed. Page 759.

XII. The Theft and Forgery Committed by Baudouin. Page 762.

XIII. The Articles and the Articulants. Page 766.

XIV. Some of Calvin’s Printers. Page 769.

1. Pierre de Vingle. 2. Jean Michel. 3. Wigand Köln. 4. Wendelin Rihel. 5. Jean Rivery. 6. Sébastien Honorat. 7. Michel du Bois. 8. Jean Knobloch. 9. Christophe Froschauer.

Corrections and Additions

Index of Illustrations

INDEX OF PERSONS, PLACES, AND PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

Tome III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The City, the House, and the Street of Calvin

BOOK ONE

Calvin’s City

CHAPTER I. In Front of the Cornavin Gate. 

I. Archaeology and psychology. — II. Travelers. — III. André Ryff. — IV. Félix Platter. — V. The Nîmois. — VI. Jean Marteille. — VII. The Neck of the Gallows. Page 3.

CHAPTER II. Saint-Gervais. Page 23.

PART ONE. The Suburb. 

I. The Gate and Rue de Cornavin. — II. Saint-Gervais Castle. — III. The Holy Bodies. — IV. Saint-Gervais Church. 1. Tower and frescoes. 2. Scenes and memories. — V. Saint-Jean. — VI. Rue de Saint-Gervais (the Temple). — VII. Rue de Coutance, Ville-Neuve (Cendrier and Cendrier streets). — VIII. Jean Clébergue, the good German. — IX. Saint-Gervais Square. 1. The White Cross Inn. 2. Scenes and memories. Page 23.

PART TWO. The Island. 

I. The Bridge. — II. The Tower. Page 51.

PART THREE. The Three Kings’ Square. Page 60.

CHAPTER III. Inns in Calvin’s Time. 

I. Inns. 1. Inns, taverns, and churches. 2. Calvin’s reform of taverns. 3. Geneva’s population: citizens, residents, and foreigners. — II. Lodging. 1. The dining room. 2. The bed. — III. Meals. 1. Prayer. 2. Bread. 3. The napkin. 4. The dishes. 5. The spoon. 6. A meal in Germany. 7. A meal in Geneva. — IV. Civilization and barbarism in Calvin’s time. 1. The use of spices. 2. The absence of forks. Page 66.

CHAPTER IV. The Fortifications. 

I. The enclosure known as Gondebaud. — II. The Marçossey enclosure. — III. The Reformers’ enclosure; demolition of the suburbs. — IV. The fortifications of Saint-Gervais. — V. Fortifications of Geneva. — VI. The militia. — VII. Calvin. Page 90.

CHAPTER V. The Four Suburbs. Page 133.

PART ONE. The Suburb of Plainpalais. 

I. The Dominican convent. — II. Arquebus shooting. — III. The cemetery and the plague. — IV. Calvin and the plague. Page 133.

PART TWO. The Suburb of Saint-Léger. 

I. Rue de la Recluse and the Convent of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. — II. Savoyard memories. — III. The bridge and the Fort of Arve. — IV. The reception of Count Rouge in 1484. — V. Pinchat’s battle in 1589. — VI. The Maladière of Carouge. Page 151.

PART THREE. The Suburb of Saint-Victor. 

I. The priory. — II. Prior Bonivard. — III. Champel. Page 164.

PART FOUR. The Suburb of the Temple, or Rive. 

I. The temple. — II. Crossbow shooting. Page 179.

CHAPTER VI. The Lower Town. Page 184.

PART ONE. The Lower Streets and the Fair. 

I. The importance of the street. — II. The fairs. — III. The domes. — IV. The influence of the fairs. Page 184.

PART TWO. The Lower Streets as Far as the Fur Trade District. 

I. Rue des Allemands-Dessus. — II. Rue des Allemands-Dessous. — III. Place de la Fusterie. Page 194.

PART THREE. The Lower Streets as Far as Molard. 

I. Le Terraillet. — II. Rue du Marché and the Favre houses. — III. Molard. — IV. The market halls. — V. The tower. — VI. Le Lac. — VII. Rue du Rhône as Far as the Asinaires. — VIII. Rue du Rhône: the Three Moors and the French Ecu inns. — IX. The Golden Rose Inn. Page 201.

PART FOUR. The Lower Streets as Far as Longemalle. 

I. The Chautemps house (formerly de Rolle and Brandis). — II. The house of Cl. Bernard, the Golden Cross and Black Head inns. — III. Longemalle. Page 218.

PART FIVE. The Lower Streets as Far as the Rive Gate. 

I. Houses from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. — II. The House of the Bishop of Nice. — III. The Bolomier house. — IV. The Vernex house and the Vergogneux hospital. — V. The Balard house. — VI. The Convent of Rive. Page 228.

PART SIX. From the Rive Gate to the City Gate via the Madeleine, Rue de la Rôtisserie, etc. 

I. The Madeleine cemetery. — II. The Church. — III. Rue de la Madeleine, Ville-Neuve (Traversière), Rue de la Rôtisserie. The Monétier passage. Page 238.

CHAPTER VII. The Upper Town. Page 248.

PART ONE. From the City Gate to Saint-Pierre. 

I. Rue de la Cité and the Boël Tower. — II. The Market Gate and the Grand-Mézel. — III. The Jewry. — IV. Saint-Germain. — V. The Château of Saint-Apre. — VI. Rue du Marché and the reopening of Catholic worship. — VII. Tavel Castle. — VIII. Rue du Soleil-Levant. Page 248.

PART TWO. Saint-Pierre. 

I. Before the Reformation. — II. Place Saint-Pierre. — III. The cloister. — IV. The Chapel of the Maccabees. — V. The façade of Saint-Pierre. — VI. The interior. — VII. Saint-Pierre and the Reformation. — VIII. The bells. Page 263.

PART THREE. The Bishopric. 

I. The palace and the prison. — II. The bishops. — III. The prisoners. Page 293.

PART FOUR. The Town Hall. 

I. La Treille. — II. Baudét Tower. — III. The Market Hall. — IV. Before the Reformation. 1. The Town Hall. 2. The archives. 3. The 1473 hall and the 1488 hall. — V. In the sixteenth century. — VI. After the sixteenth century. — VII. The councils and officials of the Town Hall. 1. The Little Council, the Five Hundred, the Two Hundred. 2. The councillors. 3. The syndics. 4. The constables. — VIII. The aristocratic and theocratic character of the government before Calvin. — IX. Justice. Page 308.

PART FIVE. From the Town Hall to the Bourg-de-Four. 

I. The official residence. — II. The Auditorium. Page 341.

PART SIX. The Bourg-de-Four. 

I. Gondebaud, the gate and the castle. — II. The well. — III. The square. — IV. Rue de la Place. — V. Rue de l’Hôpital de Saint-Léger. — VI. Rue des Pêcheries (the Chaudronniers) and Saint-Bernard Hospital. — VII. The Convent of Sainte-Claire. 1. Sister of Jussie. 2. The general hospital. — VIII. Château d’Allinges-Coudrée. — IX. Rue du Boule (Rue de la Fontaine). Page 346.

PART SEVEN. The College. 

I. Rue Verdaine and the physician Sarrazin. — II. The College of Versonnex. — III. The College of Rive, the rector Enoch, and the lodging of Cordier. — IV. Calvin’s college. — V. The lodging of Théodore de Bèze and the regents. — VI. The college and the academy. Page 372.

CHAPTER VIII. The Genevan House. 

I. In the streets. — II. The principal Genevans and their neighborhoods. — III. The façade of the Genevan house. — IV. The interior. — V. Material life and sumptuary laws. — VI. Regulations governing moral life. — VII. Religious life and the Consistory. Page 393.

BOOK TWO

Calvin’s House

CHAPTER I. Calvin’s Salary. Page 449.

PART ONE. Calvin’s Five Hundred Florins. 

I. Historians. 1. Blavignac. 2. Galiffe and his school. 3. The archivist Th. Heyer. — II. Economists. 1. The threefold difficulty of the problem. 2. C. Leber. 3. The Viscount of Avenel. — III. The facts. 1. Salaries of pastors in the Pays de Vaud. 2. Salaries of Geneva’s regents. 3. Salaries of Geneva’s pastors. 4. Conclusion. Page 449.

PART TWO. Salary and Perquisites. 

I. Salary. 1. Cash. 2. Wheat. 3. Wine. 4. Lodging. 5. Wood. — II. Perquisites. 1. Consultations. 2. Attendance tokens. 3. Travel. 4. Gifts. Page 467.

PART THREE. Calvin’s Disinterestedness. 

I. Accusations during his lifetime. — II. His will. — III. Acts of disinterestedness. — IV. Bolsec. — V. Delincourt and Bayle. — VI. The pastor and money according to Calvin. Page 478.

CHAPTER II. Calvin at Home. Page 491.

PART ONE. Austerity. 

I. The house on Rue des Chanoines. — II. Furniture. — III. Simplicity. — IV. Work, occupations, and concerns. Page 491.

PART TWO. Illnesses. 

I. Calvin’s physicians. — II. Migraines and catarrhs. — III. Pleurisy and consumption. — IV. Hemorrhoids. — V. Fevers. — VI. Kidney colic, gout, and stones. — VII. Conclusion. Page 509.

PART THREE. Charm. 

I. The garden. — II. Nature. — III. Enjoyment. — IV. In the countryside. — V. Laughter. — VI. The inn of friendship. — VII. The post office. — VIII. The placement office. — IX. The matrimonial agency. — X. Familiarity. — XI. Seduction. Page 527.

PART FOUR. The Heart. 

I. The first part of Calvin’s career. — II. The second part: testimonies of Beza, Des Gallars, Tischer, and Senebier. — III. Feelings and dates. — IV. The heart in Calvin’s theology. Page 553.

BOOK THREE

Calvin Street

CHAPTER I. Rue des Chanoines. Page 567.

PART ONE. Calvin’s House and the Two Adjacent Houses. 

I. Antoine Calvin. 1. Antoine in Geneva. 2. Antoine the bookseller. 3. Marriage. 4. Divorce. 5. Domestic life. 6. The final greeting to Calvin’s house. — II. Michel Cop. I. Arrival in Geneva. 2. Marriage and marriages. 3. The theatrical performances. 4. The theatrical question. 5. Other details. — III. Spifame. I. Arrival in Geneva. 2. His account book. 3. His end. Page 567.

PART TWO. The Secretaries. 

I. Raguenier, Baudouin, Villier, etc. — II. Nicolas des Gallars. 1. His ministry in Geneva. 2. In Paris. 3. In London. 4. In Orléans. 5. Secretarial work and translations. — III. Jean Budé. 1. The Budé and Calvin families. 2. Budé as secretary. — IV. Charles de Jonvilliers. 1. Desire to go to Geneva. 2. The anatomy of the Mass. 3. Filial affection. 4. The collection of Calvin’s works. 5. Jonvilliers’s end. Page 594.

CHAPTER II. Place Saint-Pierre. 

I. Laurent de Normandie. 1. Trials of a refugee. 2. Laurent de Normandie until his departure for Noyon. 3. Establishment in Geneva. 4. Burned in effigy. 5. Two intimate friends: the printer and the bookseller. 7. His end. 8. The death of his first wife. — II. Guillaume de Trie. 1. His life. 2. His death. — III. The Marquis of Vico. 1. His conversion. 2. His divorce. 3. The end of his life. Page 620.

APPENDICES

I. A Printer of Calvin: Conrad Badius. Page 649.

II. Genevan Iconography. Page 656.

III. Champel and the Expiatory Monument. Page 658.

IV. Documents Relating to the Tour-Perse. Page 664.

V. Whittingham, Calvin’s Alleged Brother-in-Law. Page 666.

VI. Calvin’s Alleged Sister. Page 676.

VII. The Country Houses of Ami Perrin and François Favre. Page 680.

VIII. Antoine Calvin’s Rental Property. Page 684.

Corrections and Additions. Page 687.

Index of Illustrations. Page 691.

Index of Illustrations

INDEX OF PERSONS, PLACES, AND PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

Tome IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Calvin’s Religious Thought

Foreword

INTRODUCTION. 

I. The 1536 Edition. — II. The 1539 Edition. 1. Latin edition. 2. French translation of 1541. 3. Revision of 1543 (1545) and of 1550 (1551). — III. The 1559 Edition. 1. Latin edition. 2. French translation of 1560. — IV. The Novelty of the Work. 1. Its form. 2. Psychological character. — V. Theological Importance. 1. Cunningham. 2. Kampschulte. 3. Köstlin. 4. E. Reuss. Page 1.

BOOK ONE

Prolegomena

CHAPTER I. The Honor of God. 

I. Calvin and the Philosophical Schools. — II. Definition of Theology. — III. A Practical Doctrine. — IV. Theological Method and Anthropological Method. — V. The Honor of God. — VI. Piety. — VII. Discussions concerning Calvin’s Method: 1. Goebel, Ullmann. 2. Schweizer. 3. Baur. 4. Schneckenburger. — VIII. The Honor or Sovereignty of God, according to Calvin. — IX. An Ethological Theology. — X. The Honor of Man. Page 21.

CHAPTER II. Natural Religion and General Grace. 

I. Natural Religion and Man. — II. The Revelation of Nature. 1. Zwingli. 2. Calvin. 3. God as Creator and Governor of the World. — III. The Revelation of Conscience. — IV. 1. Natural Religion in the Eighteenth Century. 2. The Dualism of Catholicism. 3. Luther’s Two Spheres. — V. General Grace. — VI. 1. Hasting’s Judgment. 2. Bavinck’s Judgment. Page 41.

CHAPTER III. Revealed Religion and Holy Scripture. Page 54.

PART ONE. The Testimony of the Holy Spirit. 

I. Revelation. — II. The History of Dogma. — III. The Authority of the Bible. — IV. The Testimony of the Holy Spirit. — V. Subsidiary Evidence. 1. The Majesty of Scripture. 2. Style. 3. Antiquity. 4. Miracles. 5. The Consent of the Church. 6. The Testimony of the Martyrs. — VI. The Testimony of the Holy Spirit and Subsidiary Evidence. — VII. Calvin and Vinet. — VIII. False Inference. — IX. The Nature and Scope of the Testimony of the Holy Spirit. — X. The Doctrine of the Sovereignty of the Holy Spirit. Page 54.

PART TWO. Holy Scripture. 

I. Its Purpose. — II. Its Inspiration. 1. Dictation. 2. Images and Comparisons. 3. The Pastors as Mouthpieces of God. — III. The Progress of Revelation. — IV. Questions of Authenticity. — V. Questions of Criticism (words, differences, dates, and quotations from the Old Testament). — VI. Words and Substance. — VII. Necessity. — VIII. Clarity. — IX. Sufficiency. Page 70.

BOOK TWO

God

CHAPTER I. The Father. Page 85.

PART ONE. The Father. 

I. Zwingli and Calvin. — II. The Incomprehensibility of God. — III. The One God and Idolatry. — IV. The Paternity of God. Page 85. 

PART TWO. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 

I. Calvin’s Thought. — II. The Refutation of Heresy. — III. The Question of Theological Terms. 1. The Caroli episode. 2. The Calvinus Judaizans. — IV. Through the Editions of the Institutes. — V. Dogmatic Renewal. Page 92.

CHAPTER II. The Creator. Page 104.

PART ONE. Creation. 

I. The Cosmos. — II. The Angels. — III. The Devils. — IV. Man. 1. The Mode of Man’s Creation. 2. The Soul and Its Faculties. 3. The Body. Page 104. 

PART TWO. Providence. 

I. The Definition. — II. Against Deism. — III. Against Chance. — IV. Secondary Causes, the Laws of Nature, and Miracles. — V. Against Pantheism. Page 111.

CHAPTER III. The Almighty. Page 119.

I. First Objection: God acts arbitrarily. 1. Duns Scotus’s Nominalism. 2. God, but not “absolute power.” 3. The Nature of God. 4. Calvin and Ritschl.

II. Second Objection: God is the author of evil. 1. Antinomianism. 2. Attempts at a solution. 3. The wicked man as God’s instrument. 4. Moral experience. 5. The philosophical significance of Calvinist doctrine.

III. Third Objection: God does everything; man does nothing.

IV. The Huguenot.

BOOK THREE

The Sinner

CHAPTER I. Sin. Page 137.

I. The Place of Anthropology. — II. Theories concerning the Origin of Sin. — III. First Point: The Nature of Sin. 1. Pride. 2. Concupiscence. — IV. Second Point: The State of Sin. — V. Third Point: Original Sin and Its Guilt.

CHAPTER II. Sin and Reason. Page 145.

I. Corruption. 1. Total. 2. Not Total. — II. Reason in General. — III. Reason and Earthly Things. — IV. Reason and Heavenly Things. — V. A Constant Appeal to Nature. 

CHAPTER III. Sin and the Will. Page 155.

PART ONE. Free Will before Calvin. 

I. Pelagius. — II. Roman Catholicism. — III. Luther. 1. De servo arbitrio (On the Bondage of the Will). 2. The Meaning of the Doctrine of Free Will for the Reformers. Page 155.

PART TWO. Calvin and Free Will. 

I. The Self-Arbitrariness of Free Will. — II. Definitions. — III. Constraint and Necessity. — IV. The Terminology of the Sixteenth Century and Modern Terminology. — V. Grace. — VI. Objections. — VII. The Contradiction. Page 167.

BOOK FOUR

The Law

CHAPTER I. The Decalogue. Page 181.

I. The Three Rules of Interpretation. — II. Religious Morality and Its Dependence. — III. The Ten Commandments.

CHAPTER II. The Law and Christians. Page 191.

I. The Three Functions of the Law. — II. The Law and Luther. — III. Calvinism and Lutheranism.

CHAPTER III. The Old and the New Covenants. 

I. The Five Principal Differences. — II. The Three Principal Similarities. — III. The Doctrine of the Covenants, or Federal Theology. Page 197.

BOOK FIVE

The Mediator

CHAPTER I. The Person of the Mediator. Page 207.

PART ONE. The Probable Questions. 

I. “Extravagant Questions.” — II. Miraculous Birth. — III. The Deity of God. — IV. The Two Natures of the God-Man. Page 207.

PART TWO. The Doctrine of the Two Natures before Calvin. 

I. Before the Council of Chalcedon. — II. From the Council of Chalcedon to the Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1. The General Character of This Period. 2. Eastern Theology. 3. Roman Theology. 4. Lutheran Theology. Page 210.

PART THREE. Calvin’s Christology. 

I. No Metaphysics. — II. The Biblical Data. — III. Refutation of Heresy. — IV. The Importance of Christ’s Humanity. — V. Return to the Council of Chalcedon. 1. Orthodoxy. 2. Piety. Page 214.

CHAPTER II. The Work of the Mediator. Page 224.

I. The Three Offices. — II. Expiation. 1. Active and Passive Obedience. 2. The Expiatory Death. 3. The Apostles’ Creed and the Descent into Hell. 4. Expiatory Sufferings. — III. The Place of Calvinist Doctrine in the History of Dogma. 1. Catholic Theology. 2. Protestant Theology. 3. Lutheran Theology and Calvinist Theology. 4. Catholic Theology and Protestant Theology. 5. Ultra-Protestant Theology. — IV. The Glorified Christ. Page 224.

BOOK SIX

The Christian Life

CHAPTER I. Faith. Page 239.

I. The Order of Salvation. — II. The Role of the Holy Spirit. — III. Definition of Faith and Its Four Characteristics. — IV. Refutation of Sophistical Errors. 1. The Institutes. 2. The Sermons. — V. Repentance. 1. The Two Degrees, or Two Senses, of the Word “Repentance.” 2. Love and Fear. 3. True Repentance Is True Conversion. 4. The Fruits of Repentance. 5. Sanctification. — VI. Calvinist Repentance and Roman Catholic Repentance. 1. Contrition. 2. Auricular Confession. 3. Calvinist Confession. 4. Satisfaction. 5. Indulgences. 6. Purgatory.

CHAPTER II. Justification by Faith. Page 263.

I. The Righteousness of God. — II. The Works of Man. — III. Justification by Faith: The First Element, Imputation. — IV. The Double Result: Honor to God and Peace of Conscience. — V. The Second Element of Justification by Faith: Regeneration. — VI. Calvin’s Contradictions. 1. Contradiction between Imputation and Regeneration. 2. The Two Contradictory Calvins: One Ultra-Intellectualist, the Other Ultra-Spiritualist. 3. The True Calvin. 4. The Life of Piety and Calvin’s Thought. — VII. The Roman Catholic Accusation. — VIII. Are Good Works at Least Useless? — IX. Good Works and Predestination. — X. The Place of Justification in the History of Dogma.

CHAPTER III. Self-Denial and Its Practice. Page 288.

I. Self-Denial. 1. The Purpose of Life. 2. The First Means: Self-Denial for God and for Men. 3. The Second Means: The Cross, Supreme Renunciation and Supreme Consolation. 4. The Third Means: Meditation on the Life to Come. — II. Practice. 1. According to the Institutes. 2. According to the Sermons.

CHAPTER IV. Calvin and Asceticism.

I. A Discovery. 2. Its History. 3. Pessimism and the Gospel. 4. Eschatological Teaching. 5. Intellectualist Teaching. 6. Negative Teaching.

II. Calvinist Asceticism. 1. The Thesis. 2. The Body: Temptation, Prison, etc. 3. The Body as the Image of God. 4. The Property of the Body. 5. The Health of the Body. 6. The Resurrection of the Flesh. 7. The Verdict of History. 8. The Psychological Solution to the Antinomy. Page 305.

CHAPTER V. Christian Liberty. Page 318.

I. Calvin and Luther. — II. The Golden Mean. — III. Liberty and the Law. — IV. Filial Obedience. — V. Indifference to External Things. — VI. Liberty and Servitude. — VII. The Two “Regimes” or “Jurisdictions.”

CHAPTER VI. Prayer. Page 329.

I. The Four Rules. — II. Divine Encouragements. — III. The Intercession of Christ and the Saints. — IV. Prayers of Thanksgiving. — V. Public Prayers. — VI. Houses of Prayer or Churches. — VII. Sung Prayers or Hymns. 1. Musical Comparisons. 2. Singing and Music. — VIII. Prayer in the Vernacular. — IX. Calvin’s Prayer. — X. The Lord’s Prayer. 1. Its Parts: The Two Groups of Petitions. 2. The Fatherhood of God. 3. The Solidarity of All Humanity. 4. Prayers for Material Needs. 5. Freedom in Prayer.

CHAPTER VII. After Death. Page 342.

I. The Sleep of Souls. — II. The Resurrection of the Body. — III. After the Resurrection.

BOOK SEVEN

Predestination

CHAPTER I. The Formation of the Doctrine. Page 351.

PART ONE. The Formation of the Doctrine. 

I. The First Edition of the Institutes, in 1536. 1. Merit and Good Works. 2. Assurance of Salvation. 3. The Sovereignty of God. — II. Between the First and Second Editions of the Institutes. — III. The Second Edition of the Institutes, in 1539. — IV. Between the Second and Final Editions. 1. Bolsec. 2. Pighius. 3. Melanchthon. 4. Castellion. — V. The Final Edition of the Institutes, in 1559. — VI. The Confessions of Faith Written by Calvin. Page 351.

PART TWO. The Sovereignty of God and Predestination. 

I. The Fundamental Calvinist Dogma: The Sovereignty of God. — II. The Formula of the Dogma: Predestination. Page 361.

CHAPTER II. Exposition of the Doctrine. Page 365.

PART ONE. Predestination (or Election). 

I. “Preface”: Definitions and Arguments. 2. To Deny Predestination Is to Deny Christ and Christianity. — II. Calling and Its Signs. 1. Calling. 2. The Gospel. 3. Christ. 4. Faith. 5. Sanctification. Page 365.

PART TWO. The Labyrinth. 

I. The Last Motive. — II. The Articuli. 1. The First Hesitation and the Confessions of Faith. — II. The Labyrinth. 1. The Institutes of the Christian Religion. 2. The Sermons. Page 374.

PART THREE. The Answers. 

I. 1. Experience. 2. Mystery. 3. Justice. — II. Determinism and Predestination. Page 383. 

PART FOUR. The Predestined. 

I. Insensible? — II. Presumptuous? — III. Narrow-minded? — IV. Indifferent? — V. Selfish? (Evangelism and Mission). — VI. Weak and Strong; Small and Great. Page 393.

CHAPTER III. Origins and Destinies of the Doctrine. Page 404.

I. Calvin’s Predecessors. 1. Saint Augustine. 2. Roman Catholicism. 3. Zwingli. 4. Luther. 5. Melanchthon. 6. Bucer. — II. Calvin and His Predecessors. 1. Calvin and His Predecessors. 2. The Common Doctrine. 3. The Paradoxes of Zwingli and Luther. 4. A Force of Life in Church and State. — III. Dogma and Civilization. 1. The Problem. 2. The Meaning of the Word Predestination in the Sixteenth Century. 3. Predestination as a Doctrine of Liberation. 4. Predestination as a Doctrine of Joy. 5. Predestination as the Religious Doctrine Par Excellence. 6. The Theology of Predestination and Civilization, According to Alexander. 7. According to Dielthey. Page 404.

APPENDIX

The Calvin Jubilee of 1909 and Calvin’s Theology. — I. The Theologian. — II. The Institutes. — III. Originality. — IV. The Doctrine of God. 1. Theocentrism. 2. Anti-intellectualism. 3. The Miracle. 4. Scotism. 5. The Trinity. — V. The Doctrine of Faith. 1. A Thesis. 2. A Method. 3. Calvin’s Subjectivism. 4. Calvin’s Pragmatism. 5. The Role of Experience. 6. The Unity of Calvin’s Thought. 7. Implicit Faith. — VI. The Doctrine of Justification by Faith. — VII. The Doctrine of Penance. — VIII. Asceticism. 1. M. Schulze’s Thesis. 2. Refutation of the Thesis. — IX. The Doctrine of Free Will. — X. Individualism and Socialism. 1. Individualism. 2. Socialism. — XI. Unionist Tendencies. 1. Union. 2. Ecumenism. 3. Theological Unionism. 4. Missions. — XII. The Doctrine of the Bible. 1. The Doctrine of God and the Two Doctrines of Holy Scripture and Predestination. 2. Criticisms. 3. Mechanism. 4. Misunderstood Texts. 5. Intellectualism. 6. Legalism. 7. Summary of Objections. 8. The Great Answer. — XIII. The Doctrine of Predestination. 1. Some Particular Points. 2. General Judgments. 3. Some Consequences. 4. Calvinism Saves Protestantism. 5. An Article by Troeltsch. 6. The Final Question. Page 419

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE JUBILEE

TOME V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Calvin’s Political Thought

TO THE EVANGELICAL REFORMED CHURCHES OF FRANCE, TO THEIR FACULTY AT MONTAUBAN

BOOK ONE

Ecclesiastical Thought

CHAPTER I. The Church — Page 3 

PART ONE. Calvin in 1536. — I. Introduction. — II. The Church, the “Mystical Body” (corpus mysticum Christi). 1. The Sovereignty of Christ. 2. Unity. 3. Holiness. 4. Predestination. 5. Faith. 6. Charity. — III. The Church, the “Visible Church” (res carnalis). 1. The Society of the Faithful. 2. Excommunication. 3. The Relationship between the Church as the “Mystical Body” and the Church as a “Visible Institution.” — Page 3

PART TWO. Before Calvin. — I. The Catholic Church. — II. The Anabaptists. — III. Luther. — IV. Zwingli. — V. Bucer. — Page 14

PART THREE. Calvin After 1536. — I. The Magna Charta of 1537. — II. From the Magna Charta to the Institutes of 1543. 1. The Signs of the Church and Ceremonies. 2. The Theory of the Two Fundamental Doctrines. 3. The Signs of the Church and the Word of God. — III. The Institutes of 1539. 1. Clarifications. 2. The Church’s Teachings: Number and Order. 3. Outside the Church There Is No Salvation. 4. The Holiness of the Church. — IV. The Institutes of 1543. 1. The Invisible Church and the Visible Church. 2. Christocracy. 3. Biblical Arguments. 4. The Importance of Pastoral Ministry. 5. The Three Offices. — V. The Double Judgment of Charity. 1. The Judgment of Charity Regarding Morals. 2. The Judgment of Charity Regarding Doctrines. — VI. Conclusion. The Commentaries. — Page 25

CHAPTER II. The Visible Church and Its Constitution — Page 47

PART ONE. — I. The Importance of Ecclesiastical Organization. — I. Lutheranism. — 2. Calvinism. — II. The Three Normative Principles. 1. The Gospel. 2. Reason. 3. History. — III. Conclusion. Always Christocracy. — Page 47

PART TWO. — I. Two Types of the Visible Church. — II. The Institutional Church: The Mother of the Faithful. — III. The Associational Church: The Communion of the Faithful. 1. The Community. 2. The Community and the Parish. 3. The Integrated Community. 4. The Social Community. — IV. Conclusion. 1. Our Outline. 2. A Portrait of 1848. 3. A Portrait of 1909. — Page 55

PART THREE. The Calvinist Church Has Been Too Exclusively an Institutional Church. — I. Rieker. — II. Von Hoffmann. 1. His Hypothesis. 2. The Dutch Churches. 3. Calvinist Criminal Law. 4. Proportionality of the Office and the Profession of Faith. 5. Conclusion. — Page 68

PART FOUR. The Calvinist Church Has Become Too Exclusively an Associational Church. — I. Theory. — 1. The Findings of the Rieker School Itself. — 2. The Two Forms of Subjectivism. — II. The Facts. — 1. The Synod of 1644 and Congregationalism. — 2. Discipline and the English Independents. — 3. The Appointment of Pastors and the Synod of Dordt. — Page 77

PART FIVE. The Three Powers of the Church. — I. Doctrinal Power. — II. Constituent Power. — III. Disciplinary Power. — Page 85

CHAPTER III. Pastors and Doctors — Page 96

PART ONE. The Pastors. — I. The Four Ministries. — II. Pastoral Ministry. — III. Examination. — IV. Election. — V. Consecration. — VI. The Company of Pastors. — Page 96 

PART TWO. The Doctors. — Page 111

PART THREE. Calvin, the Pastor and the Doctor — Page 113

CHAPTER IV. The Elders — Page 126

PART ONE. Before Calvin. — I. Luther. — 1. Heppe. — 2. R. Sohm. — 3. Luther and Consistorialism. — 4. Melanchthon. — 5. Brenz. — II. Zwingli. — III. Between Luther and Zwingli, on One Side, and Calvin, on the Other. — 1. François Lambert. — 2. Oecolampadius. — 3. Bucer. — 4. Capito. — Page 126

PART TWO. Calvin. — I. Calvin’s Ideas. — II. Are the Elders Representatives of the Church? — 1. Sohm. — 2. Rieker. — 3. The Elders as Representatives of the Church and of God. — 4. Claude’s Opinion. — Page 152

PART THREE. In Geneva. — I. The Articles of 1537. — II. The Ordinances of 1541. — 1. Strasbourg. — 2. Geneva. — III. The Ordinances of 1561. — Page 164

CHAPTER V. The Genevan Consistory — Page 188

PART ONE. The Consistory of Geneva. — 1. Catholicism in Geneva. — 2. Free Thought. — 3. Attacks on Calvin. — 4. The Morals. — 5. What the Consistory Was. — Page 188

PART TWO. Disciplinary Repression According to Calvin’s Sermons. — 1. The Fatherhood of God. — 2. The Perdition and Harshness of Men. — 3. The Necessity of Repression. — 4. Its Vigor and Severity. — 5. Conditions for Its Exercise. — Page 203

PART THREE. Calvinist Discipline and Ritschl. — 1. The Attack by Ritschl. — 2. French Servilism. — 3. Calvin’s Monasticism. — 4. Calvin’s Independence. — 5. The Provinces of the Rhine. — Page 216

CHAPTER VI. The Diaconate — Page 233

PART ONE. Before Calvin. — I. Evangelical Paganism. — II. Pagan Charity. — 2. Labor. — 3. Charity. — 4. The Work of the Christian. — II. The Church of the Middle Ages. — 1. The Decline of the Church. — 2. State Initiative. — 3. The Dogma of Merit. — 4. The Idea of Labor. — III. Lutheranism. — 1. The Kastenordnungen. — 2. Failure of the Diaconate. — 3. Opposition of the Lutherans to the Calvinist Diaconate. — 4. The Idea of Labor. — Page 233

PART TWO. Calvin in Geneva. — I. The Principles. — 1. The Reformation Principles: Against Merit, Against the Law of the Flesh; Against Mysticism, Against Mendicancy. — 2. Definitions. — 3. The Deacon, a Necessary and Ecclesiastical Office. — 4. Characteristics of the True Deacon. — 5. Lutheran and Catholic Declarations. — II. The Acts. — 1. A Great Campaign Against Calvin. — 2. Ordinances of 1541 and 1561. — 3. The Cash Fund and the Property of the Poor. Voluntary Donations. Foundations. The Sick and the General Hospital. — Page 245

PART THREE. The Calvinist Diaconate. — I. In England. — 1. A. Lasco. — 2. Bucer. — 3. Henry VIII: (a) Henry VIII was not a Protestant; (b) the origins of state intervention in charitable matters. — II. In France: (a) The origins of the “Care of the Poor”; (b) The galères. — 4. Elisabeth. — III. In Scotland, Th. Chalmers. — IV. In France. — V. In Holland. — VI. In Germany. — 1. The Rhenish Diaconate. — 2. Its Influence on Lutheranism. — Page 261

PART FOUR. The Elberfeld System. — 1. A Social Character of Calvinism. — 2. The Elberfeld System. — 3. The Calvinist Bodies of the System. — 4. From Glasgow to Elberfeld. — 5. The Results of the System. — Page 288

PART FIVE. The Deaconesses. — I. Before Calvin. — 1. The New Testament. — 2. The Primitive Church. — 3. The Eastern Church. — 4. The Western Church. — II. Calvin. — 1. The “Nonentity” of the Middle Ages. — 2. Its Ideal. — III. The Calvinist Diaconate on the Banks of the Rhine. — IV. The Ladies of La Rochelle and Sedan. — 1. The Ladies of La Rochelle. — 2. The Ladies of Harlem. — 3. The Woman of Bourdaloue. — 4. The Ladies of Sedan. — V. The Modern Diaconate. — 1. Wichern. — 2. Klönne. — 3. Th. Fliedner. — Page 301

GENERAL CONCLUSION. Ecclesiastical Organization and the Care of Souls. — 1. Lutheran Objections. — 2. The Facts. — 3. A. Lang. — 4. Ad. Köstlin. — Page 314

CHAPTER VII. The Sacraments — Page 320

PART ONE. The Sacraments. — I. The Place of the Sacrament in Calvinist Theology. — II. The Sacrament According to the Roman Church. — III. Calvin: Definition and Double Purpose of the Sacrament. — IV. The Sacrament Aids Faith. — V. Before the Sacrament, the Word. — VI. After the Sacrament, the Holy Spirit. — VII. The Sacrament and Unbelievers. — VIII. The Sacramental Elements. — Page 320

PART TWO. Baptism. — I. Baptism in Geneva. — II. Adult Baptism. — 1. Definition: Calvinist Mysticism. — 2. The First Baptism and the Three Consolations of Baptism. — 3. The Second Baptism and the Oath of the Holy Militia. — 4. The Validity of Baptism. — 5. Against Anabaptism. — 6. The Validity of Infant Baptism. — 7. Against Romanism. — 8. Children Who Die without Baptism Are Not Damned. — 9. Calvinist Doctrine, a “Living” Doctrine. — 10. The Efficacy of the Sacrament. — III. Infant Baptism. — 1. The Analogy of Faith. — 2. Circumcision and Baptism. — 3. The Order of Jesus. — 4. The Type of the New Covenant. — 5. First Objection: Opposition Between the Old and New Covenants. — 6. Second Objection: Absence of Texts. — 7. Third Objection: Absence of Knowledge in Children. — 8. Conclusion. — Page 328

PART THREE. The Holy Supper. — I. Before Calvin. — 1. The Holy Supper in Geneva. — 2. Against Rome. — 3. Luther. — (a) First Period. — (b) Second Period. — (c) Some Texts. — 4. Zwingli. — 5. Calvin’s Judgment on Luther and Zwingli. — II. Calvin. — 1. Calvin’s Doctrine According to the Treatise on the Holy Supper. — 2. Calvin’s Doctrine According to the Institutes and Polemical Treatises. — 3. The Conditions for Participating in the Holy Supper. — 4. The Place of Calvin’s Doctrine in the History of Dogma. — 5. Calvin, the Man of Union, Regarding the Holy Supper. — (a) The Institutes of 1536. — (b) The Agreement with Zurich. — (c) The Polemic of Calvin. — (d) His Agreement with the Reformers. — (e) Calvin and the Ultra-Lutherans. — 6. Epilogue. The Extension of the Kingdom of God throughout the World. — Page 343

BOOK TWO

Political Thought

CHAPTER I. Introduction. — 1. The Contradictory Opinions on Calvin’s Political Ideas. — 2. The Causes of These Contradictions. — 3. The True Way to Find One’s Bearings: The Calvinist Principle of “Contrarieties.” — 4. Political Tendencies in Calvin’s Religious Thought. — 5. Political Tendencies in His Ecclesiastical Thought. — 6. The Practical and Social Tendency of His Religious Thought and Ecclesiastical Thought. — 7. Conclusion. — Page 383

CHAPTER II. The State. — Page 392

PART ONE. Before Calvin. — I. The Concept of the State. — 1. The Middle Ages. — 2. Luther. — II. The Relations Between Church and State. — I. Luther. — 2. Zwingli. — Page 392

PART TWO. Calvin. — I. The Idea of the State. — 1. The State as a Remedy, Not a Consequence, of Sin. — 2. Refutation of Gregory VII and Innocent III. — 3. Correction of Luther. — 4. Refutation of the Anabaptists. — 5. Refutation of Machiavelli and the Jesuits. Modern Ideas of the State. — 6. The Limits of States Established by God. — II. The Distinction Between Church and State. — 1. Principles. — 2. Facts. — III. The Union of Church and State. — I. The Christian State. — 2. The Calvinist Explanation. — 3. Criticism. — Page 399

CHAPTER III. Authority. — I. The Authority of God. — 1. Sovereign Power. — 2. Sovereign Right. — 3. The Origin of Calvin’s Ideas. — II. The Authority of Men. — 1. The Nothingness of Man. — 2. Divinely Derived Human Authority. — 3. Divine Right. — III. The Authority of Faith. — IV. Obedience Comes from God as Authority. — V. The Limits of Authority. — 1. The Modesty of the Prince. — 2. The Program. — VI. Obedience to God: The Obligation Toward the People. — 1. The Charge and the Person. — 5. Beside the Prince, the Prophet. — 6. All Authorities Are Equally “from God.” — VII. Conclusion. — Page 416

CHAPTER IV. Government. — I. Monarchy. — 1. Calvin’s Earliest Ideas on Royalty, 1532. — 2. His Ideas on Royalty, from 1536 to 1559. — 3. Against Universal Monarchy. — 4. Against Caesaropapism. — 5. Against Hereditary Monarchy. — II. Calvin’s Requisitoire Against Kings in General, Before and After 1560. — III. Democracy. — 1. The General Spirit. — 2. Specific Texts. — 3. Calvin’s Sermons and the Political and Moral Education of His Hearers and Readers. — IV. Objections. — 1. Morelli. — 2. Aveux and Conclusion. — Page 429

CHAPTER V. Natural Law and Natural Rights — Page 454

PART ONE. Before Calvin. — I. Before the Reformation. — 1. Paganism. — 2. The Middle Ages. — 3. Humanism. — 4. The Dominicans and the Jesuits. — II. The Reformation. — 1. Luther. — 2. Melanchthon. — 3. Zwingli. — 4. Conclusion. — Page 454

PART TWO. Calvin. — I. Order and Natural Law. — II. The Perpetuity, Inviolability, and Indestructibility of Natural Law. — III. Natural Law and the Sovereignty of God. — IV. Natural Law and Common Grace. — V. Natural Law and the Decalogue. — VI. Duty, the Foundation of Law. — VII. Conscience, Equity, the Constitution. — VIII. Conclusion. — Page 465

CHAPTER VI. The Government Contract or Constitution. — I. In the Middle Ages. — II. The Calvinist Theory of Contracts or Covenants. — 1. Calvin. — 2. Bullinger. — 3. The Heidelberg Catechism. — 4. Cocceius. — III. The Contract of Government or Constitution. — IV. An Unusual Application of Calvin’s Doctrine of Contracts. — V. The First Sworn Constitution, 1537. — VI. The Social Contract. — Page 475

CHAPTER VII. The Right of Resistance. — I. Obedience. — 1. The Texts. — 2. The Facts. — 3. The Conspiracy of Amboise. — 4. The Theory of Obedience. — 5. Calvinist Loyalty. — II. Resistance. — 1. Objection. — 2. Calvinist Mentality. — 3. Resistance and Passive Disobedience. — 4. The Limits of Passive Resistance: Religion and Morality. — 5. The Providential Liberator. — 6. Constituted Authorities. — 7. The Opinion of Moses Amyraut and Dr. A. Kuyper. — III. The Legitimate Right of Defense. — IV. Conclusion of the Study of Calvin and Natural Law: The Sovereignty of the People. — Page 486

CHAPTER VIII. Natural Law According to Calvin, from Calvin to 1789 — Page 513

PART ONE. John Knox. — I. Introduction. — 1. The Evolution of Calvinism. — 2. The Era of Massacres. — II. Knox. — 1. Marie-la-Sanglante (Bloody Mary). — 2. The First Blast of the Trumpet. — 3. Knox’s Pamphlet and Calvin. — Page 513

PART TWO. Goodman. — 1. The Treatise on Obedience. — 2. Calvin’s Approval. — 3. The First Objection. — 4. Second Objection. — Page 520

PART THREE. The Dutch Libel of 1568. — 1. The Duke of Alba. — 2. Summary of the Libel. — 3. The Law, Liberty, and the Old Testament. — Page 526

PART FOUR. Théodore de Bèze. — I. Before the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. — 1. The Theses of the Dutch Church of London on the Authority of Princes and the Obedience of Subjects. — 2. The Breaking of Images, the Iconoclasts. — II. After St. Bartholomew. — 1. Particular Authority. — 2. Bèze’s Treatise: The Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects. — 2. Main Ideas. — III. Tyrannicide. — 1. Bèze. — 2. Calvin. — 3. The Jesuits. — IV. A Lesson in Theology. — Page 530

PART FIVE. François Hotman. — I. Hotman and Calvin. — II. Calvinist Patriotism. — 1. Hotman’s Patriotism. — 2. The Idea of the Nation in the Sixteenth Century. — 3. Calvin’s Patriotism. — III. Franco-Gallia. — 1. The Thesis. — 2. A Few Clarifications. — IV. Calvinism and France. — 1. National Politics at Home. — 2. National Politics Abroad. — Page 547

PART SIX. Duplessis-Mornay. — I. Man. — II. Vindiciae contra tyrannos. — 1. The Covenant. — 2. Resistance to the Tyrant “Without a Title.” — 3. Resistance to the Tyrant “in Office.” — 4. The Right of the People: Neither Population nor Individual. — 5. The People, That Is, Its Regular Representatives. — III. Appeal to Foreigners and Human Fraternity. — IV. The Unity of Calvinist Politics. — Page 560

PART SEVEN. Junius. — I. Natural Rights. — II. The Covenant. — III. The Right of Resistance. — IV. Tyrannicide. — V. Popular Sovereignty. — VI. Bossuet. — VII. In 1789. — Page 570

CHAPTER IX. The Anti-Calvinist Natural Law of Grotius to the End of the Eighteenth Century — Page 577

PART ONE. Grotius. — I. Grotius. — 1. His Importance. — 2. His Life. — 3. Natural Law. — II. The Character of Natural Law According to Grotius. — 1. Autonomy. — 2. Rationalism. — 3. Subjectivism. — 4. Convention. — III. Grotius’s Sociology According to His Natural Law. — 1. The Legitimacy of Servitude. — 2. No Right of Resistance. — IV. The Government According to Natural Law. — I. Caesaropapism: Theory. — 2. Caesaropapism: History. — V. The Origin and Spirit of Natural Law According to Grotius. — 1. Christianity. — 2. Pelagius and the Middle Ages. — 3. The Reformation. — 4. Machiavelli. — 5. The Jesuits. — 6. Grotius. — Page 577

PART TWO. From Grotius to J.-J. Rousseau. — I. Barbeyrac and Burlamaqui: Are They Anti-Calvinists? — 1. Barbeyrac. — 2. Burlamaqui. — II. J.-J. Rousseau. — 1. Paganism and Pelagianism in Rousseau. — 2. No Natural Rights. — 3. No Covenant. — 4. No Right of Resistance. — 5. Neither God nor Nature. — 6. Conclusion: The Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Fruit of Calvinism and Not of Rousseau. — Page 592

PART THREE. The End of Natural Law. — I. From Grotius to the Historical School. — II. The Historical School. — 1. Savigny. — 2. The Manifesto of the Historical School. — 3. Natural Law and Historical Law. — III. Statism. — 1. Statism and the Denial of Individual and Natural Rights. — 2. Success of the Historical School in Germany. — 3. Success of the Historical School in France. — Page 601

BOOK THREE

Conclusion

CHAPTER I. The Political Influence of Calvinism.

I. The Calvinist Mainstream. — 1. The French Movement. — 2. The Scottish Movement. — 3. The American Movement. — II. The Bills of Rights and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. — III. The Pagan Current. — 1. The Bounty of Man. — 2. Tolerance. — 3. 1789 and 1793. — 4. The Calvinist and Counter-Revolutionary Party in Holland. — Page 611

CHAPTER II. The Social Spirit of Calvinism.

I. The Social Spirit of Calvinism. — 1. Practical. — 2. Active. — 3. Fraternal and Humanitarian. — 4. Social. — II. The Theory of Troeltsch. — 1. Presentation of the Theory. — 2. The Misunderstanding of the Modern Word. — 3. The Misunderstanding of the Calvinist Word. — 4. The Misunderstanding of the Christian Word. — 5. The Sources of the Theory. — III. The Theory of Max Weber. — 1. The Spirit of Traditionalism. — 2. Luther. — 3. The Spirit of Capitalism and Capitalism. — 4. Calvinism. — 5. The Idea of Vocation. — 6. The Two Forms of Asceticism. — 7. Asceticism and Religion. — 8. Asceticism and Rationalism. — 9. Protestant Asceticism and Jesuit Asceticism. — 10. An Alleged Text. IV. The Spirit of Calvin. — 1. Calvin, Asceticism, and Luxury. — 2. Money Well Earned. — 3. The Humanitarian Use of Money. — 4. Traditionalism. — 5. Between Avarice and Genius. — 6. Against the Spirit of Capitalism. — 7. The Dangers of Poverty and Wealth. — 8. Conclusion. V. A Strange Explanation. — 1. Geneva and Calvinism. — 2. Rachfahl. — 3. Schmidt. — 4. Ziegler. VI. The Ultimate Explanation. — 1. The Creation of the Modern World. — I. Social and Economic Life among Protestants. — 2. Labor and Morality as Causes of This Wealth. — 3. Evidence: Benjamin Franklin’s Declaration. — 4. Evidence: Calvin’s Declaration. — 5. The School of Troeltsch. II. The Guarantees of the Modern World. — 1. The Doctrine of “Contrarieties” Again. — 2. Contrariety Between the Principles of Progress and the Principles of Conservation. — 3. The Modern Spirit and the Anti-Modern Spirit. — 4. The Last Confessions of the Heidelberg School. — Page 624

CHAPTER III. Political Economy

I. Against Anabaptism: Conservation. — 1. Property. — 2. The Law. — 3. The Tribunal. — 4. Oaths. — 5. Taxation. — 6. The Penalty of Death. — 7. War. II. Against the Middle Ages: Progress. — I. Labor, according to Luther and Zwingli. — (a) Calvin. — (c) Against Monasticism. — (d) Against Mendicancy. — (e) Against Festivals. — (f) Sunday. — (g) Calvinist Labor. — 2. Agriculture, according to Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. — 3. Commerce and Industry. — 4. The Loyalty of Merchants. — 5. Calvin and Modern Industry. — 6. Interest-Bearing Loans. III. The Middle Ages. — (a) Luther. — (b) Zwingli. — (c) Calvin. — (d) Interest-Bearing Loans in Geneva Before Calvin. — (f) The Ordinances of Calvin. — (g) Calvin and Charles of Savoy. — (h) Bucer and Calvin. III. For Morality. — 1. Luxury. — 2. Clothing. — 3. Food and Drink. — 4. Gambling and Games. — 5. Dances. — 6. Sumptuary Laws. — 7. Legislation Against Blasphemy and Adultery. IV. Conclusion. — 1. The Monastic World. — 2. Man Today. — 3. Holland. — 4. England. — 5. Eighteenth-Century France. — 6. America. — 7. The Age of Justice. — Page 666

Tome VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Work of Calvin

FIRST PART

The Struggle

BOOK ONE

The Libertines

CHAPTER I. Ecclesiastical Activity and Difficulties.

I. Establishment of Discipline. — II. Difficulties concerning pastors. — III. Difficulties with Sébastien Castellion. — IV. New difficulties concerning pastors. — V. The scandal of Servetus. — VI. Difficulties with Troillet. — VII. New difficulties concerning pastors. — VIII. Suppression of festivals; accusations and threats against Calvin. — IX. Calvin’s intentions. Page 9.

CHAPTER II. Civil Activity and Difficulties.

I. Civil ordinances. — II. Accusation of aristocracy. — III. Calvin’s legislative work. — IV. Legislation on marriage. — V. Difficulties with Berne. — VI. Ostracism. — VII. The Boule-Peste affair. — VIII. The sorcerers. — IX. The charity of Calvin. Page 31.

CHAPTER III. Literary Activity.

I. Debts and illnesses. — II. 1541–1542. — I. Catechism. — 2. Liturgy. — 3. Revision of the New Testament. — 4. Treatise against the Libertines. — III. 1543. — I. Treatise against the Nicodemites. — 2. Letter to the Council of Geneva. — 3. Suppression of festivals. — IV. 1544. — I. Anti-anabaptist instruction. — 3. Against the Libertines. — 4. A Libertine at the Table of Calvin. — 5. The judgment of Calvin on the spiritual Libertines. — V. 1545–1546. — I. Admonition to Cardinal Sadolet. — 2. Against the colonists of Charles V. — 3. Exegetical labor. — VI. 1547–1548. — I. Acts of the Council of Trent. — 2. Astrology and judiciary divination. — 3. Luther. — VII. 1549–1550. — Calvin and the pope. Page 52.

CHAPTER IV. Economic Activity.

I. Details concerning the whole. — 1. Financial details. — 2. The Vaudois. — 3. The Church, the universal Church. — II. The Calvinist accusation. — 2. Conclusion. Page 75.

CHAPTER V. Pierre Ameaux.

I. Grievances against the Calvinist regime. — 1. The prohibition of card games. 2. Refusal of divorce. — II. The dinner. — III. The trial. — IV. Gautier and eighteenth-century philosophy. Page 83.

CHAPTER VI. The Libertines.

I. The Favres. 1. François Favre. 2. Gaspard Favre. 3. Françoise Favre. — II. Ami Perrin. 1. Calvin’s friendship. 2. The slashed shoes. 3. The feathered hats. 4. Laurent Meigret. 5. Perrin’s culpability. — III. The Companions. 1. Philibert Berthelier. 2. Pierre Vandel. 3. Philibert Bonna. 4. The three hatreds of the Libertines. 5. Types and local color. — IV. Calvin the Peacemaker. 1. Courage. 2. Generosity. 3. Discouragement. — V. The Libertines. 1. Their politics. 2. Their religion. 3. Their morality. 4. Judgments of Bordier, de Cramer, and Édouard Favre. 5. Their name. Page 91.

CHAPTER VII. Gruet.

I. The placard. — II. Gruet. — III. The trial. — IV. The documents. — V. Calvin’s role. — VI. The discovery of 1550. — VII. The judgment. Page 120.

CHAPTER VIII. Bolsec.

I. The years 1548 to 1551. 1. 1548: (1) Insults against the ministers. (2) Remonstrances from the Council to the ministers. (3) The Council claims jurisdiction over matrimonial matters. (4) The affair of the “crusaders.” (5) The stolen letter to Viret. (6) Adultery involving Calvin’s sister-in-law. (7) Calvin’s letter to the Duke of Somerset. (8) Perrin’s triumph. (9) A book on the Interim. — 2. 1549: (1) Painful disciplinary questions. (2) Pastoral scandals. (3) Death of Idlette de Bure. (4) Theological labors. (5) Arrival of the French. (6) The Swiss compromise. (7) The Raoul Monnet affair. — 3. 1550. — 4. 1551: (1) The Libertines. (2) The French. — II. Bolsec in Geneva. 1. The Congregation of 1551. 2. The trial. 3. Intervention by M. de Falais: Calvin breaks with him. 4. Letters from the Churches. 5. Condemnation. — III. After Geneva. 1. Bolsec’s second apostasy. 2. Calvin’s life. 3. The Bolsec School. 4. The Galiffe family. Page 131.

CHAPTER IX. Troillet. 

I. Troillet, the Libertine. — II. Calvin appeals to the people. — III. The discussion before the Council. — IV. The violence of the struggle. — V. Calvin’s explanation of predestination. Page 162.

BOOK TWO

Servetus

CHAPTER I. From Troillet to Servetus.

I. The Libertines’ victory. — II. Their attacks intensify. — III. Attacks by the Council. — IV. Opposition from Berne. — V. The overflow of impiety. — VI. Calvin’s state of mind. — VII. The executions multiply in France. Page 173.

CHAPTER II. Servetus: Origins and Studies. 

I. Introduction. 1. Servetus and the Geneva archives. 2. Difficulties in the history of Servetus. 3. His name. 4. The date of his birth. 5. His birthplace. — II. Toulouse. 1. Departure from Spain. 2. Stay in Toulouse: (1) The Bible; (2) Scholasticism; (3) The Talmud; (4) Melanchthon. 3. Italy and Germany. Page 187.

CHAPTER III. Servetus in Basel: First Publications.

I. Basel. Correspondence between Servetus and Oecolampadius. — II. Servetus’s first work, De Trinitatis erroribus (On the Errors of the Trinity). — III. Impressions of Protestant theologians. Dialogorum de Trinitate libri duo (Two Books of Dialogues on the Trinity), and departure from Basel. Page 198.

CHAPTER IV. Medical Studies and Works.

I. Lyon. Servetus studies medicine and defends orthodoxy and the Catholic Church. — II. Paris. 1. Meeting arranged by Calvin with Servetus. 2. La géographie de Ptolémée (Ptolemy’s Geography). 3. Discovery of the circulation of the blood: (1) Dissection work; (2) The discovery; (3) Testimonials of admiration; (4) Doubts and objections; (5) The two pieces of evidence from Charles Dardier; (6) The intermediate opinion. 4. Le Traité des sirops (Treatise on Syrups). 5. Servetus’s trial concerning an Apologie de l’astrologie (Defense of Astrology), and retraction. 6. Was Servetus a doctor of medicine? His false testimony. Page 206.

CHAPTER V. Settlement in Vienne.

I. Charlieu. An adventure. — II. Vienne. 1. Archbishop Pierre Palmier. 2. Servetus’s dissimulation. 3. Second edition of Ptolemy’s Geography. 4. The Latin Bible of Santes Pagninus. Page 219.

CHAPTER VI. The Theology of Servetus. Page 224.

PART ONE. God. 

I. Obscurity of Servetus’s style and thought. — II. The doctrine of the Trinity before Servetus. — III. Antitrinitarianism. 1. First writing. 2. Second writing. 3. Pantheism. 4. Protests. — IV. The religious significance of affirming and denying the Trinity. 1. Calvin. 2. Saisset and Vacherot. Page 224.

PART TWO. Christ. 

I. Denial of his divinity. — II. Denial of his humanity. — III. Mystical piety. Page 235.

PART THREE. Humanity. 

I. Sin. — II. Justification by faith. Page 242.

PART FOUR. Anabaptism. 

I. Against infant baptism. — II. The millennium. — III. Was Servetus burned? — IV. His civic good sense. Page 246.

CHAPTER VII. Correspondence between Servetus and Calvin, and the Impression Made by the Restitutio Christianismi. 

I. Correspondence between Servetus and Calvin. 1. Servetus’s first letter. 2. Calvin’s first letter. 3. Servetus’s second letter. 4. Calvin’s second letter. 5. Servetus’s thirty letters. 6. Final verbal attacks. 7. Dating Servetus’s letters. 8. Calvin’s letters to Farel, February 13, 1546. 9. Servetus’s letter to Abel Poupet. — II. The Impression Made by the Restitutio. 1. The printer and the proofreader. 2. Printing one thousand copies. 3. The three known copies. Page 254.

CHAPTER VIII. The Trial at Vienne. 

I. The Denunciation. 1. Accusation and denial. 2. Servetus, Castellion, and Bolsec. 3. The first letter from de Trie. 5. The abbot of Artigny. 6. Mosheim. 7. Voltaire. 8. Galiffe. 9. A thing judged: infamy. — II. The Evidence. 1. First piece of evidence. (1) De Trie’s inability to write his letters; (2) The need to read between the lines of the documents. 2. Second piece of evidence: the alleged intention of de Trie. 3. Dr. Paulus. 4. Cardinal de Tournon at Geneva. 5. Embarrassment and retractions by A. Roget. — III. Betrayal, or the Confidential Letters. 1. Double distinction. 2. Arneys requests the documents. 3. Servetus’s trial is made to depend on documents supplied by Calvin. 4. Three judgments. 5. Confidential letters according to A. Roget and Gautier’s editors. 6. The letters were not confidential. — IV. Arrest and Trial. 1. Arrest. 2. First interrogation. 3. Second interrogation. 4. Evasion. 5. Sentence. Page 276.

CHAPTER IX. The Trial at Geneva. 

I. The Arrest. 1. How long had Servetus been in Geneva before his arrest? 2. Why did Servetus go to Geneva? 3. Calvin’s intervention. 4. Nicolas de la Fontaine. — II. The First Phase of the Trial. 1. The preliminary examination. 3. Calvin takes sides. 3. Servetus takes account of the Libertines. — III. The Second Phase of the Trial. 1. Servetus’s new attitude. 2. New request from the prosecutor. 3. Servetus’s defense. — IV. The Third Phase of the Trial. 1. Friday, September 1, 1553. 2. Saturday. 3. Sunday and Holy Communion. 4. What did Calvin’s triumph mean? Page 306.

CHAPTER X. The Written Debate and Servetus’s Petitions. 

I. Calvin and the 48 propositions. — II. Servetus’s response. — III. Calvin’s rejoinder. — IV. Delays in sending the documents to the Churches. — V. Calvin’s desperate situation. — VI. Servetus’s great illusion. Appeal to the Two Hundred. Relations with the Libertines. — VII. Servetus requests the death penalty against Calvin. — VIII. Change of attitude: the humble petition of October 10. Page 337.

CHAPTER XI. Consultation with the Churches. 

I. Letter from the Council of Geneva. — II. Response from Zurich. — III. Response from Schaffhausen. — IV. Response from Basel. — V. Response from Berne. Page 346.

CHAPTER XII. The Stake. 

I. The condemnation. — II. Servetus condemned by an anti-Calvinist Council. — III. Calvin and the question of the stake. — IV. Farel and Calvin in Servetus’s prison cell. — V. The pronouncement of the sentence. — VI. Servetus’s heroism. — VII. The stake and the green wood. — VIII. Three judgments: Farel, Michelet, Seippel. Page 352.

CHAPTER XIII. Appendix: The Monuments. 

I. The monument at Champel, in Geneva. — II. The monument at Montrouge, in Paris. — III. The monument at Annemasse. — IV. The monument at Vienne. Page 365.

BOOK THREE

The Error of the Age: Calvin’s Intolerance and Tolerance

CHAPTER I. The Error of the Age. 

I. M. F. Buisson’s thesis. — II. The Catholic view. — III. Luther’s view. — IV. Zwingli’s view. — V. The views of the refugees in America. — VI. Views in Calvinist countries. 1. In German-speaking Switzerland. 2. Calvin’s friends invoked by M. Buisson. 3. Waydner. 4. Sulzer. 5. Musculus. 6. Pierre Martyr. 7. Vergerius. 8. Pierre Toussaint. 9. Du Moulin. — VII. The view of the martyrs. 1. The Calvinist martyrs. 2. Servetus. — VIII. The view of Calvin’s opponents. 1. Castellion. 2. J. J. Rousseau. — IX. Conclusion. Page 373.

CHAPTER II. Nicolaus Zurkinden. 

I. Zurkinden and Servetus. — II. Zurkinden and Calvin. Page 397.

CHAPTER III. Calvin’s Intolerance and Tolerance. 

I. Calvin’s book (Defensio, Declaration). — II. The thesis of Calvinist intolerance: the legitimacy of the right to punish heretics. — III. The three contradictions in this thesis and the three beginnings of Calvinist tolerance, distinct from tolerance itself. 1. The distinction between heresy and blasphemy. 3. The distinction between fundamental and secondary points. 3. The legitimacy of visible churches, numerous and diverse. — IV. Praise of gentleness toward heretics. — V. The usefulness of Servetus’s execution. — VI. Appendix: Protestant tolerance, from Calvin to Jurieu, to Rabaut Saint-Étienne, and to the French Revolution. Page 409.

CHAPTER IV. Castellion’s Tolerance and Intolerance. 

I. Castellion’s sincere piety. — II. His difficult character. — III. Castellion’s three pamphlets against Calvin. — IV. Castellion and tolerance. — V. Skepticism. — VI. The hegemony of individual conscience. — VII. Doctrinal indifference. — VII. Castellion’s great contradiction and intolerance. — IX. Faith, skepticism, and tolerance. Page 430.

BOOK FOUR

Socinianism and the Origins of Modern Theology

CHAPTER I. From Servetus to Socinus. 

I. Haetzer. — II. Denck. — III. Kautz. — IV. Appendix: The New School in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Page 445. 

CHAPTER II. Laelius Socinus. 

I. Introduction. Paul of Samosata. 1. His character. 2. His theology. — II. In Italy. 1. Religious corruption. 2. The religious Renaissance and the Oratory of Divine Love. 3. Evangelical centers: Valdés, Ochino, P. Martyr, Paleario, Vergerio. 4. The reaction and the crowd. — III. Laelius Socinus. 1. Psychological origins. 2. Before his relations with Calvin. 3. Doubting and believing. 4. The mania for questions. 5. From questioning to negation. 6. The end. 7. Socinianism. Page 451.

CHAPTER III. Bernard Ochino and Gribaldi. 

I. B. Ochino. 1. Ochino in Geneva. 2. His sermons. 3. His travels. 4. His works. 5. The dialogue on polygamy. 6. His misfortunes. 7. His end. — II. Gribaldi. Page 467.

CHAPTER IV. Blandrata. 

I. Blandrata in Geneva: Calvin’s tolerance. — II. Blandrata in Poland: the illusion of the Poles, Calvin’s indignation. — III. Blandrata exposed: Calvin’s justification. — IV. Appendix: Faustus Socinus and the “New School” from the sixteenth century to the present day. Page 477.

CHAPTER V. Gentilis. 

I. His trial. — II. His retraction. — III. The sentence. — IV. Perjury. — V. He is condemned to death at Berne. — VI. General conclusion. 1. Antitrinitarianism as ultra-intellectualism. 2. Antitrinitarianism as ultra-rationalism. Page 489.

BOOK FIVE

For Union: Calvin’s Efforts and Failure

CHAPTER I. The Sacramental Controversy. 

I. The Beginnings of the Controversy. 1. Joachim Westphal’s provocation. 2. Events in Denmark. 3. Calvin’s attitude. — II. How Calvin’s First Response Was Composed. 1. Bullinger advises Calvin to reply. 2. Criticism from Zurich and Calvin’s concessions. (1) Language. (2) Luther. (3) The Augsburg Confession. (4) The word “real.” (5) Brotherly agreement. — III. The Form and Violent Language of Calvin. 1. Calvin’s first treatise. 2. Second treatise. 3. Third treatise. 4. Treatise against Hesshus. 5. Judgment. — IV. The Foundation, Breadth, and Essential Points of Calvin’s Doctrine. 1. Essential points. 2. Luther. 3. Agreement. — V. The Calvinist Conception of the Sacraments. 1. Real presence. 2. The mode of reality. 3. The mode of participation. 4. Natural laws. 5. Mysticism. Page 503.

CHAPTER II. A Lasco and Beza. 

I. A Lasco and Brenz. 1. The Colloquy of Stuttgart. 2. An example of theological barbarity. 3. Brenz’s attitude. — II. Beza’s Embassies and Confessions of Faith. 1. In favor of the Waldensians. 2. In favor of the faithful in Paris. 3. Again, in favor of the faithful in Paris. 4. In favor of Du Bourg. 5. Against Westphal: for unity in charity. Page 527.

CHAPTER III. The Great Effort: The Colloquies. 

I. The Ultra-Lutherans. — II. The Zwinglians. 1. The people of Zurich. 2. The Bernese. — III. Calvin. 1. Calvin. 2. The Count of Erbach. 3. Calvin’s friendship with Bullinger. — IV. Calvinism. 1. Théodore de Bèze. 2. Farel. 3. Viret. 4. Hotman. Page 538.

CHAPTER IV. Legitimate Hope: Calvinism in Germany. 

I. Melanchthon. — II. The Less-Informed Theologians. — III. The Princes. — IV. Calvinist Groups. 1. Wittenberg. 2. Bremen. 3. Frankfurt. 4. Augsburg. 5. Metz. 6. Montbéliard. — V. Calvin. 1. Up to the publication of the Interim adultero-germanum. 2. The Appendix. Page 555.

CHAPTER V. The Fatal Crisis. 

I. The facts. — II. The law. — III. Duty. — IV. Punishment. Page 569.

TOME VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Work of Calvin
FINAL VOLUME
The Triumph

BOOK ONE
The Defeat of the Libertines

CHAPTER I. The Vigil of the Armed Men, 1544.
I. Calvin. — 1. Attacks and Insults. — 2. Against the French. — 3. The Struggle for and Against the Consistory. — 4. The Pastoral and Calvinist Character. — 5. Fatigue and Illness. — II. At Bern. — 1. Tension Between Bern and Geneva. — 2. Zebedee. Lange and Balsec. — 3. Hallier and Bolsec. — 4. Harsh Judgment of Bern. — 5. Moderation and Pain of Calvin. — 6. Calvin at Bern and His Memoir. — 7. New Inquiry at Bern. — 8. Calvin Again at Bern: Final Judgment. — 9. Judgment of Hallier. — 10. The Last Protestations of Calvin and the Resuscitation of His Enemies. — Page 3

CHAPTER II. The Sedition.
I. The Year 1555. — 1. How the Libertines Initiated It. 2. The Elections. 3. Favoritism Toward the Libertines. II. The French. — 1. The New Citizens. 2. Opposition from the Libertines. 3. The Banquet Campaign. III. Recruitment and the Seditious Petition. IV. May 16. — 1. Internal Sedition. 2. The Afternoon. V. The Sedition. — 1. In Front of Baudichon’s House. 2. Perrin. 3. At the Bourg-de-Four: Dame Ambilarde. VI. Attempts at Justification. — 1. A. Roget and the Pronunciamiento. 2. Nighttime Disturbance. 3. No Premeditation. 4. No Bloodshed. 5. Gautier’s Editors, Volume III. Page 26

CHAPTER III. The Condemnations.
I. From Sedition to Flight. — II. Bern and the Fugitives. — III. The Proceedings. — IV. The Comparet Brothers. — V. Claude the Bastard. — VI. Young Berthelier. Page 50

CHAPTER IV. After the Crisis.
I. Calvin. — 1. The Fugitives Against Calvin. 2. The Fugitives’ Memoir. 3. The Memoir and the Defenders of the Libertines. 4. Calvin’s Reputation Damaged by the Fugitives. 5. His Cruelty and Avarice. 6. His Rehabilitation. II. The Libertines. — 1. The Most Guilty. 2. The Libertines and Geneva’s Past. 3. The Libertines and Geneva’s Future. 4. Were the Libertines the National Party? Bern and Geneva. 5. The Conspiracy of 1555 and the End of the Libertines. Page 67

BOOK TWO
Calvinist Geneva

CHAPTER I. The Struggle for Independence.
I. Before the Rupture of the Alliance with Bern. — II. Calvin’s Attitude. — III. The Period of Inquietude. — IV. The New Alliance. — V. Epilogue: The Fugitives, Savoy. — Page 91

CHAPTER II. The Struggle for Morality.
I. The Principle. — 1. Electoral Disputes of Calvin. — 2. Agreement to Enforce the Principle. — II. Fasts and Almsgiving. — 1. Remnants of Idolatry. — 2. Offenses Against Evangelical Law. — 3. The Staff. — 4. Luxury in Clothing and Toiletries. — 5. Austerity of Justice. — III. Morals Properly So Called and Calvin’s Long Effort to Revise the Edicts Against Immorality. — Page 112

CHAPTER III. The Struggle for Instruction. — The College and the Academy.
I. The Calvinist College. — I. Before Strasbourg. — II. Calvin in Geneva. — 1. 1541. — 2. M. Cordier. — 3. 1556. — The College of Geneva. — 1. The Buildings. — 2. The Professors. — 3. The Dissolution of the Academy of Lausanne: The Professors Come to Geneva. — 4. The Students. — 5. The Resources. — IV. The Opening. — I. The Inauguration. — 1. The College Order. — 2. The Classes. — 3. The Rector. — 4. The Principal. — 5. The Regents. — 6. The Timetable of the Week. — 7. The Sciences of Nature. — 8. The Study of German. — 9. Discipline. — 10. The Annual Examination. — 11. The Promotion Ceremony. — 12. The Banquet of the Regents. — 13. The Academy. — V. The Glory of the College and Academy of Calvin. — The Distinctive Characteristics of Calvin’s School. — 1. Its Influence on the World. — 2. The Jesuits Copy It. — Page 124

CHAPTER IV. 1559. Supreme Dangers and Supreme Upheavals.
I. Supreme Dangers. — 1. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis and the Geneva League. — 2. Threats from the King of France and the King of Spain. — 3. Intrigues and Spies of the Duke of Savoy. — 4. Assassination Plot Against Calvin. — 5. Edicts and Threats of the King of France. — 6. Threats from Pope Pius IV. — II. Supreme Upheavals. — 1. Saints of the Mountains Before the Elections. — 2. Mutilated Census of the Members of the Various Councils. — 3. Calvin, Citizen of Geneva. — 4. Calvin, Physicist. — 5. Definitive Distinction Between Church and State. — Page 155

BOOK THREE
Calvin and Calvinism in France Until Calvin’s Death

CHAPTER I. The Origins of French Protestantism.
I. The Position of the Question. — 1. Originality of Lefèvre. — 2. His Preparatory Influence. — II. M. Renaudet. — III. M. Imbart de la Tour. — IV. M. L. Romier. — V. Lefèvre’s Influence. — VI. Lefèvre Judged by Catholic Theology. — Page 175

CHAPTER II. The Synod of 1559. The Great Year.
I. Before the Synod. — 1. The First Churches. — 2. The Churches Planted. — 3. The Persecution. — 4. The Calvinist Organization. — 5. The Role of Paris and the Rise of Calvinism. — 2. The Pastors Sent from Geneva to Paris. — 3. Calvin’s Correspondence with the Pastors. — 4. The Affair of Saint-Jacques. — 5. The Three Consistories of Calvin. — 6. The Situation of Calvin. — 7. Jean Macard, Pastor of Paris. — 8. Arrival in Paris. — 9. The First Prominent Figures of the Jacobins. — 10. Submission to Calvin. — 4. Macard, President of the Synod. — 5. Progress of the Churches. — 6. The Fate of the Huguenots. — 7. The Fifth Column. — 8. The Day of Departure. — 10. The End of Macard. — 11. The Ministère of Calvin. — III. The First National Synod. — 1. The Situation of the Churches. — 2. The Spirit of Calvin and the Synod. — 3. The Synod. — 4. Reunion Preparations at Poitiers. — 5. The Arrival of the Delegates. — 6. The Moderator François Morel. — 7. Duration of the Synod. — 8. Discipline. — 9. Conclusion of Calvin’s Work. — Page 181

CHAPTER III. The Crisis of Persecution.
I. The Mercurial Affair. — II. The Song of Psalms Before the King: Was the Execution of the Martyrs a Second Fault? — IV. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis and the Abandonment of National Policy. — V. The Letters Patent of Écouen and the Declaration of War Against the Protestants. — VI. Persecution. — VII. Calvin’s Consolatory Letters. — VIII. The Turning Point in History. — IX. The Death of Henry II. — Page 204

CHAPTER IV. The Protestants at Court.
I. The Law and the Queen of Navarre. — 1. The Parties and Their Leaders. — 2. Antoine de Bourbon. — 3. The Death of Henry II. — 4. The Death of François II. — 5. The Conversion of Jeanne d’Albret. — 6. The King’s Immorality. — 7. Downfalls. Reproaches Against Calvin. — 8. Apostasy. II. The Great Lords. — 1. D’Andelot. — 2. The Marquis of Coligny. — III. The Great Ladies. — 1. Renée of France. — 2. Mme de Rentigny. — 3. Mme de Rothelin and the Duke of Longueville. — 4. Mme de Grammont and an Unknown Lady. — Page 222

CHAPTER V. From the Death of Henry II to the Death of François II.
I. Calvin’s Illnesses in 1560. — II. The Situation in Geneva. — III. The Accession of François II and the Execution of Anne du Bourg. — IV. The Conspiracy of Amboise. — V. Calvin’s Political Plan. — VI. Maligny and the Surprise of Lyon. — VII. The King of Navarre and Condé at Orléans. — VIII. The Death of François II. — Page 239

CHAPTER VI. 1561. Charles IX and the Colloquy of Poissy.
I. Calvin’s Illnesses in 1561. — II. Geneva. 1. Geneva Is Threatened. 2. Geneva Sends Pastors. 3. Geneva Watches Over Morals and Establishes Compulsory Instruction. — III. The Political Program of Calvin. — IV. The Capture of Antoine de Bourbon. — V. The Change of Regime in France. — VI. A Day of Calvin’s Correspondence. — VII. Threats from Charles IX Against Geneva. — VIII. Magnificent Effort by the Churches. The Refugees’ Return. — IX. Calvin Excluded from the Colloquy. — X. Efforts Toward Success. — XI. Safe Conduct and Beza’s Dispatch by the Council of Geneva. — XII. The Journal of the Colloquy. — XIII. Beza at Court. — XIV. Calvin’s and Beza’s Anguish. — XV. The Great Session. — XVI. The Aftermath of the Colloquy. — Page 250

CHAPTER VII. From the Colloquy of Poissy to the Edict of January. Who Is Responsible for the Civil Wars?
I. Beza, the Leader. — II. Assembly at Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marcel. — III. Preparation of the Edict of January. — IV. The Edict of January. — V. The Attitude of Protestants and Catholics. The Formidable Document. — Page 268

CHAPTER VIII. From Vassy to the Peace of Amboise, 1562–1564.
I. Saverne. — Vassy. — III. Manifestos and First Acts of War. — IV. A Genevan Company Sent to Lyon. — V. Until the Battle of Dreux. — VI. The Treaty of Hampton Court and the Death of Antoine de Bourbon. — VII. 1. The Assassination of the Duke of Guise. 2. The Peace of Amboise. — Page 277

BOOK FOUR
Calvin: The Establishment of the Reformed Churches and the Political Organization of Calvinism in France

CHAPTER I. The Establishment of the Churches, 1559–1564.
I. In 1559. — II. In 1560. — III. In 1561. 1. January. 2. February. 3. March. 4. April. 5. May. 6. June. 7. July. 8. August. 9. September. 10. October. 11. November. 12. December. — IV. In 1562. 1. January. 2. February. 3. March. 4. April. 5. May. 6. June. 7. September. — V. In 1563 and 1564. — Page 305

CHAPTER II. Numbers.
I. The 2,150 Churches of 1562. — II. What Became of Them? 1. The Wars of Religion. 2. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 3. The Revolution. 4. After the Revolution. Conclusion. — Page 345

CHAPTER III. Political Organization.
I. An Interpretation of the Facts. — II. Condé and Calvin’s Ideas on the Divine Right of Inferior Authorities. — III. Military Organization. Catherine and Coligny. — IV. The Beginnings of Organization. 1. The Synod of Clairac, 1560. 2. The Synod of Sainte-Foy, 1561. 3. The Assembly of Nîmes, 1562. 4. The “Protectors.” The Count of Crussol. — V. Military Organization and Ecclesiastical Organization. — VI. Another Interpretation of the Facts. — VII. Excesses of the Villains. — VIII. Excesses of the Gentlemen. — Page 353

CHAPTER IV. The Name “Huguenot.”
I. Historical Etymology. — 1. La Place. — 2. Henri Estienne. — 3. La Planche. — 4. La Popelinière. — 5. Pasquier. — 6. Objections. II. Protestant Political Etymology. — 1. Chandieu. — 2. Élie Benoît. III. Catholic Political Etymology. — 1. The Libelle Guisard. — 2. Tavannes’s Memoirs. — 3. The “Eidgenossen” and the Anti-Ducal Party in Geneva. — 4. Two Plausible Objections: Was the Sobriquet Introduced by the Protestants to Designate the Protestants? — 6. Was the Revolutionary Sobriquet Introduced by the Protestants? — 7. A Historical Gap. — 8. A Linguistic Gap. IV. Conclusion. — 1. The Defeat of the Defenders of the “Eidgenossen” Etymology. — 2. The Final Explanation. Page 379

CHAPTER V. Viret’s Share, 1561–1564.
I. Viret. — II. Viret’s Departure from France. III. Pastorat in Nîmes. — 1. The Church of Nîmes: Calvin’s First Child. — 2. Viret’s Pastoral Ministry. IV. Pastoral Ministry in Montpellier. V. Pastoral Ministry in Lyon. VI. Viret and the Inner Life of the Churches. — 1. Theology and Schools. — 2. Discipline and the Consistory. — 3. The Diaconate. VII. Viret and the Organization of the Church in France. — 1. The First Text of Our Ecclesiastical Discipline. — 1. Aymon’s Text. 2. Beza’s Text. 3. First Objection. 4. Second Objection. — 2. From Poitiers to Lyon: Revisions of the Discipline. — 1. Poitiers Text, 1560. 2. Lyon Text, 1563. — 3. Viret’s Work and Influence. — 1. The Provincial Synod of Nîmes, 1561. 2. Viret’s Influence. Page 400

BOOK FIVE
Calvin, “He Goes to God, Whole and Entire.”

CHAPTER I. Calvin’s Character.
I. Diligent and Meticulous Activity. — II. Friendship. 1. The Attraction Calvin Exercised. 2. Interest in the Smallest Details. 3. Sound Advice. 4. A Spirit of Reconciliation. 5. Personal Detachment. 6. Exactness and Sincerity. 7. Passion for Truth. — III. Some Friends of Calvin. 1. Melanchthon. 2. La Roche Chandieu. 3. De Trie. 4. Des Gallars. 5. Beza. Page 425

CHAPTER II. The Final Year: May 1563–May 1564.
I. May to December 1563. 1. Illness. 2. Activity. 1. Letters to Churches. 2. Letters to Individuals. 3. Affairs in France. 1. Moderation; Synod of Lyon. 2. Warning to Condé. 4. Geneva, France, and the Liberal Party. II. January to April 1564. 1. Political Situation. 2. Last Lecture and Last Sermon. 3. Final Address to the People. 4. Final Works. 5. Last Visit to the Country Pastors. 6. Final Gift from the Lordship. Calvin Refuses It. 7. Final Censures. 8. Final Meeting at the Town Hall. 9. Final Meeting of the Consistory and Final Congregation. 10. Final Supper. 11. Final Letter to Renée of Ferrara. 12. Final Letter to Bullinger. 13. Testament. 14. Farewell to the Lordship. 15. Farewell to the Ministers. 16. Final Visit Received. 17. Final Letter. III. The Agony in May. 1. “Agones.” 2. The Last Days. 3. The Burial. IV. Epilogue. 1. Slanders. 2. Sturm. 3. Bolsec. 4. Haren. 1. His Slander. 2. His Life. 3. Haren and Audin. 4. Haren’s Retraction. 5. Two Catholic Protests: Father Maimbourg and Dr. Paulus. Page 443

BOOK SIX
Calvinism Throughout the World

CHAPTER I. Calvin and Poland.
I. Before Calvin. 1. The Waldensians and the Hussites in Bohemia. 2. The Beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. II. Calvin and Poland. 1. Sigismund II Augustus. 2. Nicholas Radziwiłł and Lithuania. III. First Packet of Letters from Calvin to Poland, December 29, 1555. 1. First Packet. 2. 1556. Progress: Calvin Invited to Poland. 3. 1557. Efforts Toward Union. IV. Second Packet of Letters, November 19, 1556. 1. 1558. Progress of the Reformation. 2. The Letters. 3. 1559. 4. Socinus and Calvin. V. Third Packet of Letters, June 9, 1560. 1. Calvin and the Bohemian Brethren. 2. The Letters. 3. Letters to the Poles. 4. Two Other Treatises. 5. Dedication of the Commentary on Acts to Radziwiłł. 6. Letters from Poland to Calvin. VI. Fourth and Final Packet of Letters, October 9, 1561. 1. The Letters. 2. Some Replies. VII. The End. 1. Calvin’s Exhaustion. 2. The Height of Protestantism. 3. The Three Deadly Enemies of Polish Protestantism. 4. The Disappearance of Protestantism. VIII. An Episode: Coligny and Poland. — Page 479

CHAPTER II. Calvin and Great Britain.

PART ONE. In Scotland.
I. Before John Knox. — II. The Origins and Organization of Puritanism in Geneva. — III. The Return to Scotland and England. 1. The Geneva Bible. 2. The Form of Prayers. 3. Discipline. 4. The Catechism. 5. Theological Writings. 6. Political Writings. 7. A Suggestive Symbol. — IV. Calvin and His Relations with Goodman and Knox. — V. Knox’s Influence.

PART TWO. In England.
I. Henry VIII (1527–1547). — II. Edward VI (1547–1553). 1. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. 2. Knox in England (1547–1554). — III. Mary Tudor (1553–1558). 1. Knox’s Influence on the English in Geneva. 2. After His Departure from Geneva. — IV. Elizabeth (1558–1603). 1. Elizabeth and Calvin. 2. The Progress of Calvinism. — Page 508

CHAPTER III. Calvin and the Low Countries (Belgium and Holland).
I. Introduction. 1. Theology. 2. The Nation. 3. The People. — II. Calvin’s Attitudes Toward the Low Countries. — III. The Low Countries Before Calvin. I. Lutheranism. 2. Anabaptism. — IV. Personal Relations. 1. Anabaptists. 2. Dutchmen Established in Switzerland: Marie Dentière, André Zebedee, Maldonat, Eustache Quesnoy, Jacques de Bourgogne, Jean de Saint-André, Crespin. 3. Dutchmen Who Came to Switzerland and Returned to the Low Countries: Pierre Brully, Valérand Poullain, Guy de Brès, Pierre Dathen, and Marnix of Sainte-Aldegonde. — V. Calvin’s Works in the Low Countries. — VI. Calvin’s Relations with Walloon or Flemish Churches. — VII. Was Calvinism Brought to the Low Countries by Pastors Who Came from France? — VIII. Conclusion: Calvinist Influence. 1. On Social Life in Holland. 2. On Dutch Art, Rembrandt. 3. Dutch Calvinism, Dutch Politics, and the Modern World. — Page 531

CHAPTER IV. Calvinist Hungary.
I. Calvin and Hungary. — II. Lutheranism and Calvinism in Hungary. — III. Hungary’s Tribute to Calvin. — Page 553

CHAPTER V. Calvin in the Rest of the European World.
I. Among the Waldensians. — II. The Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. — III. In Sweden. — IV. Metz and Trier. — V. In Germany. — VI. In Austria. — VII. In Italy. — VIII. In Spain. — Page 558

ERRATUM. Calvin’s Imprisonment at Noyon in 1534. — Page 575